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250 Years Unchanged: The Gullibility of Americans

250 Years Unchanged: The Gullibility of Americans

C1🇯🇵 日本語 → 🇺🇞 English

September 18th, 2026

250 Years Unchanged: The Gullibility of Americans

C1
Please note: This article has been simplified for language learning purposes. Some context and nuance from the original text may have been modified or removed.

🇺🇞 English

America — the land of possibility.

アメリカ――可胜性の囜。

And at the same time, it is also a land of easy marks.

そしお同時に、カモの囜でもある。

Our unwavering belief that anything is possible, whether or not it is grounded in reality, helped propel this country to become the world's largest economic power.

珟実に基づくかどうかにかかわらず、䜕でも可胜だずいう私たちの揺るぎない信念は、この囜を䞖界最倧の経枈倧囜に抌し䞊げる䞀助ずなった。

Yet at the same time, that same belief is also the reason we repeatedly fall head over heels for swindlers and con artists, time and time again.

しかし同時に、それは私たちが詐欺垫やペテン垫に䜕床も䜕床も倢䞭になっおしたう原因でもある。

If so much is possible in America, no one can say for certain that the next supplement, device, or program to come along might not make you young, strong, and rich—or perhaps all of these at once.

アメリカで倚くのこずが可胜なら、次に出おくるサプリメントや装眮や蚈画が、あなたを若く、匷く、金持ちに、あるいはそれらすべおを䞀床に叶えおくれるかもしれないず誰も断蚀できない。

In 1897, a certain Baptist minister convinced us that his company could extract gold from seawater near Lubec, Maine.

1897幎、あるバプテスト掟の牧垫が、自身の䌚瀟はメむン州ルヌベック付近の海氎から金を抜出できるず我々に信じさせた。

In 1925, the Bailey Radium Laboratories of East Orange, New Jersey, launched a hit product called Radithor, advertising it as a "remedy for the living dead" that restored vitality and cured impotence.

ニュヌゞャヌゞヌ州むヌストオレンゞのベむリヌ・ラゞりム・ラボラトリヌズは1925幎、ラゞ゜ヌずいうヒット商品を発売し、「生ける屍の治療薬」で掻力を回埩しむンポテンスを治すず宣䌝した。

There was no gold in the seawater off Maine.

メむン州の海氎䞭には金は存圚しなかった。

And Radithor did not transform people into Adonis.

そしおラゞ゜ヌは人々をアドニスぞず倉容させるこずはなかった。

It poisoned people with radiation.

攟射線によっお人々を毒殺したのである。

Americans have been deceived by con artists whose schemes were so audacious that they have now become part of everyday conversation.

アメリカ人は、その蚈画があたりに倧胆で今では日垞䌚話の䞀郚ずなっおいる詐欺垫たちに隙されおきた。

America produced Clark Stanley, known as the "Rattlesnake King."

アメリカはクラヌク・スタンレヌ、すなわち「ガラガラヘビの王」を生み出した。

He sold something he called "Snake Oil Liniment" and promised that it would cure "pain and lameness, rheumatism, neuralgia, sciatica, sprains, and bunions," cure "partial paralysis of the arms and lower limbs," and "reduce enlarged joints to their natural size."

圌は「スネヌクオむルリニメント」ず称するものを販売し、「痛みず足の䞍自由、リりマチ、神経痛、坐骚神経痛、捻挫、倖反母趟」を治し、「腕ず䞋肢の郚分的麻痺」を治し、「倧きな関節を自然な倧きさに瞮める」ず玄束した。

America helped bring about the rise of Charles Ponzi.

アメリカはチャヌルズ・ポンゞの出珟を助けた。

Through investments in postal coupons, he was able to offer a 50 percent profit in just 45 days.

圌は切手クヌポンぞの投資によっお、わずか45日で50の利益を提䟛するこずができた。

It is easy to laugh off these old cases or feel embarrassed by them, but caution is warranted.

これらの叀い事䟋を䞀笑に付したり、恥ずかしく思ったりするのは容易だが、泚意が必芁だ。

We are just as prone as ever to believe claims that even a modicum of common sense would deem absurd.

私たちは、ほんの少しの垞識でさえ銬鹿げおいるず思えるような䞻匵を、か぀おず同じように信じやすいのだ。

Does raw milk have special powers?

生乳には特別な力がある

Can peptides make us young again?

ペプチドは私たちを再び若くできる

Can an intravenous vitamin drip flush away a hangover?

ビタミンをIVで䞀気に泚入すれば二日酔いを掗い流せる

Why do we keep being deceived by such things again and again?

なぜ我々はこうしたものに繰り返し欺かれ続けるのか

There is a simple yet painfully acute reason for this: "People really do not want to die."

そこには単玔か぀痛切な理由が存圚する「人は本圓に死にたくないのだ。」

That is how Dr. Lydia Kang puts it—author of the book Quackery, which deals with medical fads, and an associate professor of internal medicine at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.

そう語るのは、医孊的流行に぀いおの著曞『Quackery』の著者で、ネブラスカ倧孊医療センタヌの内科准教授を務めるリディア・カン博士だ。

Her words carry a heartfelt wish.

その蚀葉には切実な願いが蟌められおいる。

"Everyone fervently wishes to live a long and fruitful life, free of disability and pain, with a healthy mind as well," she says.

「誰もが、障害や痛みを抱えるこずなく、脳も健やかに、長く実り倚い人生を送りたいず切に願っおいる」ず圌女は述べおいる。

Other experts point out that there are sociological and evolutionary reasons why people are drawn to even outlandish, disproven claims.

他の専門家たちは、たずえ奇抜で反蚌された䞻匵であっおも、人々がそれに惹かれる瀟䌚孊的・進化的理由があるず指摘する。

Of course, this is not unique to America.

無論、これはアメリカに固有のものではない。

However, these instincts and tendencies are amplified in America by relentless optimism, a spirit of individualism, lightly regulated capitalism, an insatiable ambition to be richer, healthier, and more beautiful, and a suspicion-driven urge to join in the action — since others are bound to be exploiting the system, one cannot simply stand by and do nothing.

しかしこれらの本胜ず傟向は、絶え間ない楜芳䞻矩、個人䞻矩の粟神、緩やかな芏制䞋の資本䞻矩、より豊かに、より健康に、より矎しくありたいずいう飜くなき野心、そしお猜疑心に突き動かされた行動ぞの参加欲求——他人が必ずシステムを悪甚しおいるのだから、自分だけが手をこたねいおいるわけにはいかない——によっお、アメリカにおいお増幅されるのである。

Kahn says the following.

カンはこう述べおいる。

"It is a kind of Wild West, cowboy-like situation," he says.

「それは䞀皮のワむルドりェスト、カりボヌむ的な状況である」ず。

"People think to themselves,

「人々はこう考えるのだ。

'If you won't do it, then I'll just have to do it myself.'"

『もしあなたがやらないのなら、私が自分でやるたでだ』ず。」

It is not necessarily foolish that we are deceived by claims, or that we cling to our beliefs even after they have been disproven.

私たちが䞻匵に隙されたり、反蚌された埌も信念にしがみ぀いたりするのは、必ずしも愚かずは蚀えない。

Tali Sharot, a professor of neuroscience at University College London, says that we hold beliefs not in order to represent the world accurately, but rather "to hold beliefs that help us maximise rewards and avoid harm.

ロンドン倧孊ナニバヌシティ・カレッゞの神経科孊教授タリ・シャロットは、私たちが信念を持぀のは䞖界を正確に衚珟するためではなく、むしろ「報酬を最倧限に埗お危害を避けるのに圹立぀信念を持぀こずだ。

And sometimes those beliefs are accurate, and sometimes they are not."

そしお時にはそれらの信念は正確だが、時にはそうではない」ず述べおいる。

For instance, she says, excessive self-confidence may help you land a spouse or a job for which you are unqualified.

䟋えば、過床の自信は、あなたが資栌のない配偶者や仕事を手に入れるのに圹立぀かもしれないず圌女は蚀う。

By believing what others in the group believe, people can gain community, support, and a sense of belonging.

人々は、グルヌプ内の他の人が信じるこずを信じるこずで、コミュニティ、支揎、所属感を埗るこずができる。

"Even if it's a false belief, that doesn't matter," Sharot says.

「それが誀った信念でも、問題ではない」ずシャロットは蚀う。

The belief that vaccines cause autism, despite the conclusive evidence disproving it, provides family members and loved ones with someone to blame, and brings them support from a group that shares their anger, fear, and pain.

ワクチンが自閉症を匕き起こすずいう信念は、それを吊定する決定的な蚌拠があるにもかかわらず、家族や愛する人に非難の察象を䞎え、怒りや恐れ、痛みを共有するグルヌプからの支揎をもたらす。

Hope and belief, in turn, foster an optimism that things may improve, which can at least temporarily enhance one's mood and mental health.

そしお、垌望ず信念は、物事が奜転するかもしれないずいう楜芳䞻矩をもたらし、それが少なくずも䞀時的に気分や粟神的健康を改善し埗る。

"Believing that one's future will be better than one's past or present—even if that future does not in fact turn out better—can often be the optimal way to be," Charlotte remarks.

「自らの未来が過去や珟圚よりも良くなるず信じるこず——たずえ実際に未来が良くならなかったずしおも——倚くの堎合、最適な圚り方であり埗る」ずシャロットは述べおいる。

Lotteries almost certainly result in a financial loss — it is a terrible financial decision.

宝くじはほが確実に金銭的損倱をもたらす——それはひどい財務䞊の決断だ。

People know that.

人々はそのこずを知っおいる。

But at the same time, they also know that a lottery ticket is a little scrap of hope and an opportunity to imagine a richer future.

しかし同時に、宝くじの刞が小さな垌望の玙切れであり、より豊かな未来を想像する機䌚でもあるこずも知っおいる。

"What you are definitely buying is something like the pleasure of thinking about it," she says.

「あなたが確実に買うのは、それに぀いお考える楜しみのようなものだ」ず圌女は蚀う。

"That is what you can be certain of getting."

「それはあなたが確実に埗られるものだ。」

Our thinking works the same way for supplements, oils, and technologies that promise benefits with an extremely low chance of materializing.

私たちの考え方は、実珟する可胜性が極めお䜎い利益を玄束するサプリメント、銙油、技術に぀いおも同様だ。

On the one hand, they are a tragic waste of hard-earned money, and sometimes they even have negative side effects.

䞀方では、それらは苊劎しお皌いだお金の悲劇的な浪費であり、時には負の副䜜甚もある。

On the other hand, as Charlotte puts it, "you get something out of trying."

他方では、「詊すこずから䜕かを埗る」ずシャロットは蚀う。

Positive anticipation or excitement, for instance.

䟋えば前向きな期埅や興奮のように。

However, these tendencies leave us vulnerable to exploitation by companies eager for our money, and what is more, they are remarkably skilled at what they do.

しかし、これらの傟向は、私たちの金銭を欲しがる䌁業による搟取に察しお私たちを無防備にし、しかも圌らは自分たちのやっおいるこずに実に長けおいる。

Throughout American history, a clear pattern can be observed.

アメリカの歎史を通じお、明確なパタヌンが芋られる。

A hint that something might work opens a crack in the door for corporations to force their way in, seizing the despair and the paychecks of people who are wounded, exhausted, and afraid.

䜕かが効くかもしれないずいう手がかりが、䌁業が抌し入る扉の隙間を開け、傷぀き、疲れ、恐れおいる人々の絶望ず絊料を捕らえるのである。

Dr. Benjamin Rush, a Philadelphia physician who had signed the Declaration of Independence, grew increasingly frustrated at his failure to save people during the yellow fever epidemic of 1793.

独立宣蚀に眲名したフィラデルフィアの医垫ベンゞャミン・ラッシュ博士は、1793幎の黄熱病の流行䞭に人々を救えなかったこずに苛立ちを募らせおいた。

He later read an autopsy report suggesting that purging and bloodletting might prove effective.

その埌圌は、浄化ず瀉血が奏功するかもしれないずいう剖怜報告を読んだ。

So he carried this to an extreme, administering high doses of calomel and jalap — a mercury compound and the powdered root of a Mexican plant, which together form an exceptionally powerful purgative — to his patients, while at the same time bleeding them vigorously.

そこで圌はそれを極端なたでに実践し、病人に高甚量のカロメルずハラップ——氎銀化合物ずメキシコの怍物の粉末根で、䞡者を合わせるず極めお匷力な䞋剀ずなる——を投䞎し、同時に粟力的に瀉血を行った。

According to one account: "So much blood flowed in the front yard that the place stank and flies buzzed around."

ある蚘述によれば「衚庭でそれほど倚くの血が流れたので、その堎所は悪臭を攟ち、パがブンブン飛び回った。」

Charles Stanley's snake oil was a fake — in 1916, the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry determined that it was mainly mineral oil and contained "fatty oil (probably beef tallow), capsicum, and possibly a trace of camphor or turpentine."

チャヌルズ・スタンレヌのスネヌクオむルは停物だった——1916幎、米囜化孊局はそれが䞻に鉱油であり、「脂肪油おそらく牛脂、トりガラシ、そしおおそらく埮量のカンフルかテレビン油」を含むず認定した。

However, he had drawn his inspiration from Chinese laborers who used the oil of a very particular snake.

しかし圌は、非垞に特定のヘビの油を䜿っおいた䞭囜人劎働者から着想を埗た。

It probably possessed some anti-inflammatory properties.

それはおそらくいく぀かの抗炎症特性を有しおいた。

Radiation had medical applications, which paved the way for William J. A. Bailey to market Radithor as a "health tonic."

攟射線には医孊的甚途があり、それがりィリアム・J・A・ベむリヌがラゞ゜ヌを「健康トニック」ずしお販売する道を開いた。

One prominent and devoted customer consumed so much of it that his jawbone rotted away, and he died of radiation poisoning.

ある著名で熱心な顧客がそれをあたりに倚く摂取し、あごの骚が腐敗しお攟射線䞭毒で死亡するたで。

The grey zone places regulators and medical professionals in a difficult position.

グレヌゟヌンは芏制圓局ず医療専門家を難しい立堎に眮く。

That is, it is often impossible to state categorically that something does not work, particularly when research is not carried out because nobody wants to waste precious time and resources.

すなわち、䜕かが効かないず断定的に蚀うこずは、特に、誰も貎重な時間ず資源を無駄にしたくないため研究が行われない堎合には、しばしば䞍可胜なのである。

Companies seize upon this gap without hesitation.

その隙に、䌁業はすかさず飛び぀く。

"What is frightening is that they take that hope, bottle it, and try to sell it to you at whatever price they think you can afford," Kang says.

「恐ろしいのは、圌らがその垌望を手に入れ、ボトルに詰め蟌み、あなたが支払えるず圌らが考えるあらゆる䟡栌でそれをあなたに売り぀けようずするこずだ」ずカンは蚀う。

Countless supplements and unapproved "treatments" are based on potential benefits suggested by animal studies or small observational studies that cannot establish causation.

無数のサプリメントや未承認の「治療法」は、動物研究や因果関係を立蚌できない小芏暡な芳察研究で瀺唆される朜圚的䟿益に基づいおいる。

Today, some people in pursuit of longevity are pinning their hopes on rapamycin, a drug administered to organ transplant patients, which has extended the lifespan of yeast, flies, and mice.

今日、長寿を远い求める䞀郚の人々は、臓噚移怍患者に投䞎される薬であるラパマむシンに垌望を蚗しおおり、それは酵母、パ、マりスの寿呜を延ばした。

Some extraordinarily successful drugs, such as insulin and the weight-loss medications Wegovy and Zepbound, are peptides — short chains of amino acids that can take on countless configurations.

むンスリンや枛量薬のりェゎビヌ、れップバりンドなど、信じられないほど成功した薬のいく぀かはペプチドであり、アミノ酞の短い鎖から成り、無数の構成を取るこずができる。

This has spurred an entire industry selling other peptides — largely unproven and unverified — that are claimed to promote muscle growth, speed recovery, and combat aging.

それが、筋肉の成長を促進し、回埩を早め、老化ず戊うず蚀われる他のペプチド——䞻に蚌明も怜蚌もされおいない——を販売する産業党䜓を刺激しおいる。

Does that sound familiar?

聞き芚えがある

Of course, science and technology, along with this country's relentless economic drive, have produced countless genuine wonders and enduring anecdotes, which in turn soften the ground for credulous thinking.

もちろん、科孊や技術、そしおこの囜の絶え間ない経枈的掚進力は、無数の真の驚異ず氞続する逞話を生み出しおおり、それが今床は、信じやすい思考の土壌を柔らかくする。

Using metal tubes that fly through the sky, we can cross an entire country in just a few hours.

私たちは、空を飛ぶ金属補の筒を䜿っお、数時間で䞀囜を暪断できる。

With a small rectangle made of metal and glass, we can access virtually all of humanity's knowledge.

金属ずガラスでできた小さな長方圢を䜿えば、人類の知識のほがすべおにアクセスできる。

Advances in medicine, especially vaccination — once a radical notion — have nearly eradicated the childhood diseases that, at the nation's founding, killed up to half of all children under five.

医孊の進歩、特にワクチン接皮——か぀おは過激な抂念だった——は、建囜時に5歳未満の子䟛の最倧半数を死に至らしめた小児疟患をほが排陀した。

An American born in 1900 could expect to live only about 47 years.

1900幎生たれのアメリカ人は、わずか47歳たで生きる可胜性が高かった。

Life expectancy in the United States now stands at 79, the highest in history.

米囜の平均寿呜は珟圚79歳で、史䞊最高である。

Who's to say it won't double again?

それが再び倍にならないず誰が蚀える

Why should there be any limit?

なぜ限界があるべきなのか

We may now be more susceptible to influence than ever before.

私たちは今や、か぀おないほど圱響を受けやすい状況にあるのかもしれない。

According to Kang, we are exposed to more enticing claims than ever.

カンによれば、私たちはこれたで以䞊に魅力的な䞻匵にさらされおいる。

This is because the devices in our pockets now deliver an endless stream of hawkers—euphemistically called "influencers"—peddling "cures" and other shortcuts midway through a 250-year pursuit of happiness.

ポケットの䞭のデバむスが、250幎にわたる幞犏の远求の途䞭で「治療法」や他の近道を売り蟌む呌び蟌み婉曲的に「むンフル゚ンサヌ」ず呌ばれるの無限の流れを届けるようになったからだ。

Social media excels at mimicking the kind of messaging that scientists identify as the most believable to our brains — direct, personal appeals from people who appear trustworthy and claim to have personal experience of their own.

゜ヌシャルメディアは、科孊者たちが我々の脳が最も信じやすいず指摘するメッセヌゞング——信頌できるように芋え、自らの個人的経隓があるず䞻匵する人々からの盎接的で個人的な蚎え——を暡倣するのが埗意である。

And in America, it can become a particularly appealing alternative to a healthcare system that is absurdly hard to navigate, expensive, and impersonal.

そしおアメリカでは、それは、absurdly hard to navigate で、高䟡か぀非人間的な医療システムに察する、特に魅力的な代替手段ずなり埗る。

Even Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the head of the nation's top health authority, has recommended scientifically unproven treatments and wellness products for measles — such as vitamin A, peptides, and raw milk — or has encouraged those who advocate for them, thereby giving a voice to such claims.

囜の最高保健圓局の長であるロバヌト・F・ケネディ・ゞュニアでさえ、はしかの治療法ずしおビタミンAやペプチド、生乳ずいった、科孊的に立蚌されおいない治療法やりェルネス補品を掚奚し、あるいは代匁する者たちを励たし、そうした䞻匵に声を䞎えおきたのである。

"The guardrails are off now," Kahn says.

「ガヌドレヌルは今、倖れおいる」ずカンは蚀う。

"It's actually worse than before, because of social media, because of what's on the internet, and because the so-called trusted people we're supposed to get advice from are not trustworthy.

「゜ヌシャルメディアのせいで、むンタヌネット䞊の内容のせいで、そしお私たちが助蚀を埗るはずのいわゆる信頌できる人々が信頌できないせいで、実際に以前より悪化しおいる。

And I think that is putting the American people at far greater risk."

そしおそれはアメリカ囜民をはるかに倧きな危険にさらしおいるず思う。」

George C. Parker, the great American con artist who repeatedly managed to sell the Brooklyn Bridge, would surely have been delighted by this.

䜕床もブルックリン橋を売り぀けた偉倧なアメリカの詐欺垫ゞョヌゞ・C・パヌカヌなら、これを気に入っただろう。

And he would undoubtedly have offered you a deal as well.

そしお、あなたにも取匕を持ちかけたに違いない。

Jonathan Fahey serves as the editor of Reporters' global health and science division.

ゞョナサン・フェむヒヌはReportersのグロヌバルヘルス・科孊郚門の線集者を務めおいる。

Reporters' coverage of health and science is made possible by financial support from the Reporters Fund for Journalism as well as private foundations.

Reportersによる健康および科孊に関する報道は、Reporters Fund for Journalismならびに民間財団からの財政的支揎を受けお成立しおいる。

AP bears sole responsibility for all of its content.

APはそのすべおの内容に察しお単独で責任を負う。

AP's standards for collaborating with philanthropic organizations, a list of its supporters, and the areas of coverage that have received funding can be found at AP.org.

APの慈善団䜓ずの協力に関する基準、支揎者䞀芧、および資金提䟛を受けた報道分野に぀いおは、AP.orgにお確認するこずができる。

September 18th, 2026

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DoorDashずUber Eats、コストコ米囜店舗からの配送開始ぞ

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A golf ball discovered in the rubble of the World Trade Center became a symbol of incomprehensible loss.

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A golf ball found in the World Trade Center rubble became a symbol of incomprehensible loss.

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The apple pie (of course, with my mother) became the nation's symbolic food.

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The apple pie (of course, with my mother) became the nation's symbolic food.

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Satisfaction with U.S. schools remains low, according to a new Gallup poll.

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Satisfaction with U.S. schools remains low, according to a new Gallup poll.

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Beyond the Classic Cushion: A Guide to Choosing Mums in the Autumn Garden

Beyond the Classic Cushion: A Guide to Choosing Mums in the Autumn Garden

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