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Russia's wartime economy, debt and military spending eroding in the long term

Russia's wartime economy, debt and military spending eroding in the long term

C1🇯🇵 日本語🇺🇸 English

September 18th, 2026

Russia's wartime economy, debt and military spending eroding in the long term

C1
Please note: This article has been simplified for language learning purposes. Some context and nuance from the original text may have been modified or removed.

🇺🇸 English

Frictions in Russia's wartime economy are mounting.

ロシアの戦時経済における摩擦は増大している

This is because massive military spending is inflating the fiscal deficit.

巨額の軍事支出が財政赤字を膨らませているためだ

Consumer and business sentiment has deteriorated, and growth has slowed.

消費者と企業の景況感は悪化しており成長は減速した

Nevertheless, according to economists, these circumstances do not point to an imminent financial crisis or economic collapse.

とはいえ経済学者らによればこうした状況は喫緊の金融危機経済崩壊示すものではない

Because the substantial oil export revenues generated by high prices stemming from the war in Iran are holding up, the government is, at least for the time being, managing to secure the funds needed to cover the costs of its four-and-a-half-year invasion of Ukraine.

イラン戦争による高価格で重要な石油輸出収入持ちこたえているため政府は少なくとも現時点では4年半に及ぶウクライナ侵攻の費用を賄う資金を捻出できている

On the other hand, low unemployment and the government's generous fiscal spending on impoverished regions have helped to keep consumer discontent in check.

一方で低水準の失業率貧困地域に対する政府の惜しみない財政支出が、消費者の不満を抑え込む一助となっている

This state of affairs plays conveniently into the narrative that the Kremlin is securing stability ahead of Russia's stage-managed parliamentary elections, which begin on Friday and end on Sunday.

こうした状況は金曜日に始まり日曜日に終わるロシアの演出された議会選挙を前にクレムリンが安定を確保しているという物語に好都合である

However, economists are sounding the alarm that long-term problems are eroding the foundations and could one day trigger a crisis.

だが経済学者らは、長期的な問題が基盤を蝕んでおり、いつの日か危機を招く可能性があると警鐘を鳴らしている。

The consumer sentiment index has been trending downward since its peak in 202425, when increased military spending was driving growth and wages.

消費者心理の指標は軍事支出の増加が成長と賃金を押し上げていた2024~25年のピーク以降下向きに推移している

More recently, Ukrainian drone strikes that destroyed oil refineries have forced consumers to contend with rising petrol prices and shortages.

最近ではウクライナのドローン攻撃が製油所を破壊したことで消費者はガソリン価格の上昇と不足に対処してきた。

In addition, many small and medium-sized businesses have been losing inventory and customers as a result of attacks on the online retailers Wildberries and Ozon.

また多くの中小企業がオンライン小売業者ワイルドベリーズとオゾンへの攻撃により、在庫と顧客を失っている

At the same time, growth has slowed from its peak of over 4% annually in 202324.

同時に成長は2023~24年の年率4%超というピークから減速した

The government forecasts 0.6% this year, and the economy recovered slightly in the second quarter after contracting in the first.

政府は今年0.6%を見込んでおり経済は第1四半期に縮小した後第2四半期にやや持ち直した

The consumer sentiment index compiled by the independent Russian polling organization Levada Center fell from 116 in the spring-to-summer period of 2025 to 94 over the course of the summer.

独立系ロシア世論調査機関レバダセンターが集計した消費者心理指数は、2025年春から夏にかけての116から夏の間に94へと下落した

A level below 100 suggests that consumer sentiment is more negative than positive.

100を下回る水準は、消費者心理が肯定的であるよりも否定的であることを示唆している

When asked for their views on the election in Moscow, people voiced fundamental concerns relating mainly to pensions and prices.

モスクワで選挙に関して意見を求められた人々は、主として年金や物価にまつわる根幹的な懸念を訴えた。

Alexander Bertukhin, a 72-year-old retired military prosecutor, expressed the view that the government should focus on securing "a dignified standard of living for pensioners."

72歳の退役軍事検察官アレクサンドル・ベルトゥーヒン氏は、政府は「年金受給者の尊厳ある生活水準」の確保に注力すべきだとの見解を示した。

Regarding his own situation, he stated, "Financially, as well as in every other respect, I am doing well."

自身の置かれた状況に関して、彼は「経済面においても、その他のあらゆる側面においても、私は順調にやっている」と述べた。

"Broadly speaking, I would like housing to become more affordable, and I would like pensioners to be able to lead a decent life, not merely survive," said Dmitry Kirillin, 26.

総じて言えば住宅はより手頃な価格になってほしいし、年金受給者たちには単に生き延びるだけでなくきちんとした暮らしを送れるようになってほしいと26歳のドミトリー・キリリン氏は述べた

"I would also like domestic travel to be more affordable.

国内旅行もより手頃であってほしい

Those are the main points that come readily to mind, but if I thought about it more, I could probably name many more."

ぱっと思い浮かぶ主な点はそういったところだがもっと考えればおそらくさらに多くの点が挙げられるだろう

He further added, "If it is possible under the current circumstances, I would like the rise in prices to become more moderate."

同氏はさらに、「現在の状況下で可能ならば、物価の上昇がもっと緩やかになってほしい」と付け加えた。

According to Chris Weafer, CEO of Macro-Advisory, a consulting firm operating throughout the former Soviet Union, the gasoline situation and the attacks on Wildberries have made the war more visible to people, but have not yet amounted to a crisis.

旧ソ連全域で事業を展開するコンサルティング会社マクロ・アドバイザリーのクリス・ウィーファー最高経営責任者(CEO)によればガソリン情勢ワイルドベリーズへの攻撃によって戦争は人々にとってより可視化されたものの危機を構成するには至っていない

He described the economy as being in a state of "tolerable stability," and said that public opinion, while "dissatisfied," has not yet reached the point of protest.

同氏は経済を「耐え得る安定」の状態にあると表現し、世論については「不満」ではあるが抗議には至っていないと述べた

Mr. Wiefer said, "The economy is under strain and is stagnating in the sense that, while stable, it lacks growth."

ウィーファー氏は経済は緊張状態に置かれており安定はしているものの成長を欠いているという点で停滞している」と述べた

"That said, it is not exactly facing a recession, either."

とはいえ景気後退に直面しているわけでもない

According to him, the majority of people are "not particularly affected" by the attack on Ukraine.

同氏によれば大多数の人々はウクライナへの攻撃によってさほど影響を被っているわけではないという

"Just because their shopping habits have been disrupted does not mean that public support for the Kremlin will waver."

買い物の習慣が損なわれたからといって、クレムリンに対する国民の支持が揺らぐわけではない」

Although President Vladimir Putin's approval rating has declined over the past few months, it remains high compared with its level before the war broke out in 2022.

ウラジーミル・プーチン大統領の支持率はここ数カ月の間に下落したものの、2022年に戦争が勃発する以前の水準と比較すれば依然として高い状態を維持している

One significant indicator of the strain is Russia's budget deficit and the government's efforts to find new sources of funding.

緊張の重要な兆候の一つはロシアの財政赤字と政府が新たな資金源を探す取り組みだ

Putin has gone ahead with raising the value-added tax that consumers pay at the checkout, increased numerous other fees, and tightened taxation on small and medium-sized businesses.

プーチン氏は消費者がレジで支払う付加価値税の引き上げに踏み切りその他多くの手数料を引き上げ、中小企業への課税を厳格化した

Yet the deficit keeps growing.

しかし赤字は増え続けている

By the end of July, fiscal data showed a deficit amounting to 2.8% of annual economic output.

7月末までに財政データは年間経済生産の2.8%の赤字を示した

This is nearly double the original annual budget target.

これは当初の年間予算目標のほぼ2倍だ

The resources available in Russia's Reserve Fund have dwindled to just 1.6% of GDP, and the Kremlin is compelled to borrow from domestic banks.

ロシアの準備基金で利用可能な資源はGDPの1.6%にまで減少しておりクレムリンは国内銀行から借り入れる必要がある

However, that means paying high borrowing costs, and according to Janis Kluge, an expert on Russian public finances at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, interest rates on Russian government bonds have reached 17 percent.

しかし、それは高額な借入コストを支払うことを意味しており、ドイツ国際安全保障問題研究所でロシア財政の専門家を務めるヤニス・クルーゲ氏によれば、ロシア国債の金利は17%に達している。

In a recent report, he wrote that the fiscal strain "is raising ever more questions about how long Russia can sustain the war."

財政の逼迫はロシアが戦争をどれだけ維持できるかへの疑問を増大させていると同氏は最近の報告書に記した。

Russia's central bank has kept interest rates high in order to curb the inflation driven by war spending.

ロシア中央銀行は戦費によるインフレを抑えるため金利を高く維持してきた

That is squeezing private companies that lack the privileged access to credit granted to defense firms.

それは防衛企業に与えられる特権的な信用アクセスを持たない民間企業を圧迫している

Another source of war funding is that compliant Russian banks are increasing private lending to defense-related companies, and those debts do not appear in the deficit figures.

もう一つの戦費調達源は、従順なロシアの銀行防衛関連企業への民間融資を増加させていることであり、それらの債務は赤字の数字には現れない

From a long-term perspective, the sanctions imposed by Western countries are depriving Russia of opportunities for new investment that would enhance the productivity of its economy.

長期的な観点から見れば、西側諸国による制裁措置は、ロシアから経済の生産性を向上させる新規投資の機会を奪いつつある。

And, in light of risk factors such as high spending, low growth, mounting debt, and elevated borrowing costs, some economists warn that although the Russian economy has not collapsed, its structural foundations are being dangerously eroded.

そして、高支出、低成長、増大する債務、高い借入コストといったリスク要因から、一部の経済学者は、ロシア経済は崩壊していないものの、その構造的基盤が危険なほど侵食されていると警告する。

Torbjörn Becker of the Stockholm School of Economics points out that the current trajectory is "unsustainable."

現在の軌道は「持続不可能」であるとストックホルム経済大学のトルビョルン・ベッカー氏は指摘する

Nevertheless, "the timing of the crisis remains highly uncertain."

とはいえ「危機の時期は依然として極めて不確実だ」

Oil export revenues, which had fallen below $10 billion a month before the Iran war, recovered to $15.8 billion by June and then to $13.8 billion in July.

イラン戦争以前には月間100億ドルを下回っていた石油輸出収入は、6月までに158億ドル、そして7月には138億ドルへと回復するに至った。

Becker wrote that Russia's budget constraints "could effectively vanish as long as persistently high energy prices continue."

ベッカー氏は、ロシアの予算制約は「高止まりするエネルギー価格が続く限り、事実上消え去る可能性がある」と書いた。

He argued that, in order to change this, tougher measures against Russia's sanctions-evading tanker fleet should be made a priority.

同氏はそれを変えるにはロシアの制裁回避タンカー船団に対するより厳しい措置優先事項とすべきだ主張した

The funds allocated to defence factories and enlistment bonuses have proven a boon for Russia's poorer regions compared with Moscow and St Petersburg.

防衛工場や入隊ボーナスに充てられる資金はモスクワやサンクトペテルブルクに比べて貧しいロシアの州にとって恩恵となってきた

With factories frequently operating at full capacity, the national unemployment rate stands at 2.2%.

工場がしばしばフル稼働する中全国の失業率は2.2%だ

According to a recent report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies on Russia's defense industry, the Uralvagonzavod tank factory, located in Nizhny Tagil in the Ural region, has begun round-the-clock production since the invasion of Ukraine and has increased its workforce from roughly 20,000 to more than 38,000.

ウラル地方ニジニ・タギルに位置するウラルバゴンザボド戦車工場は、ウクライナ侵攻以降24時間体制での生産を開始し労働者数を約2万人から3万8000人超へと増強したと、ロシアの防衛産業に関する戦略国際問題研究所最近の報告書伝えている

Kupol, which manufactures drones and surface-to-air missiles, is the largest industrial enterprise in the Republic of Udmurtia along the Volga River, and in 2025 it more than doubled its output.

ドローンおよび地対空ミサイルを製造するクポルは、ヴォルガ川沿いのウドムルト共和国で最大の産業企業であり2025年には生産量を2倍以上に拡大した

A shortage of skilled workers is holding back production at defence companies and across the economy as a whole, and the situation has been made worse by the emigration of hundreds of thousands of people, mainly among the younger generation, who have left the country out of fear of conscription or political repression.

熟練労働者の不足が防衛企業や経済全体の生産を抑制しており、徴兵や政治的弾圧への恐れから主に若年層の数十万人が国外へ移住したことによって、さらに悪化している。

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that, because monthly deficit figures fluctuate considerably, "this is not a figure that should give cause for concern. Macroeconomic stability is fully assured."

クレムリンのドミトリー・ペスコフ報道官は、月ごとの赤字の数字は変動が大きいことから、「これは懸念の原因となるべき数字ではない。マクロ経済の安定は完全に確保されている」と述べた。

However, Andrei Klepach, chief economist at the state development bank VEB.RF, warned in a speech that sanctions and economic isolation mean "we are falling behind in global technological and economic competition," and stated that "we cannot win the competition in this war of attrition."

しかし国営開発銀行VEB.RFのアンドレイ・クレパチ首席エコノミスト演説で制裁経済的孤立により「我々は世界の技術的・経済的競争後れを取っていると警告し、「この消耗戦では競争に勝てないと述べた

He was ultimately removed from that post.

同氏はその職を解任されるに至った。

Dasha Litvinova is contributing from Tallinn, Estonia.

エストニアのタリンより、ダーシャ・リトビノワが寄稿を寄せている。

September 18th, 2026

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