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From "Freeing the Hands" to "Freeing the Eyes": How General Motors Achieves Autonomous Driving Through Simulation

From "Freeing the Hands" to "Freeing the Eyes": How General Motors Achieves Autonomous Driving Through Simulation

C2🇨🇳 中文 → 🇺🇸 English

October 12th, 2026

From "Freeing the Hands" to "Freeing the Eyes": How General Motors Achieves Autonomous Driving Through Simulation

C2
Please note: This article has been simplified for language learning purposes. Some context and nuance from the original text may have been modified or removed.

🇺🇸 English

At General Motors' Global Technical Center in Warren, Michigan—a suburb of Detroit—hundreds of volunteer real-world drivers settle into the cabins of Cadillac Lyriq electric vehicles or other popular GM models, immersing themselves in a rich array of situational experiences: routine road driving, uphill and downhill gradients, construction zones, rainfall, adjacent traffic, and a host of other scenarios.

在密歇根州沃伦市——地处底特律郊区——的通用汽车全球技术中心,数百名志愿的真实驾驶员坐进凯迪拉克Lyriq电动汽车或其他热门通用车型的座舱,沉浸于纷繁多样的情境体验之中:常规道路驾驶、上下坡、施工、降雨、邻近交通以及其他种种场景。

Yet, even though the vehicle itself is entirely real, the world the drivers perceive is anything but.

然而,纵然车辆本身真实无虚,驾驶员所感知的世界却并非如此。

Rather, they are situated within a simulator—a fully immersive 360-degree environment in which every eye movement, cardiac stress response, episode of perspiration, and other physiological reaction is cross-referenced against a vast array of driving-test data.

毋宁说,他们置身于一台模拟器之中——一个360度沉浸式环境,在此,其每一次眼球运动、心脏压力、出汗及其他生理反应,皆会与无数驾驶测试数据进行比对。

It is precisely here that General Motors, while putting the vehicle technology itself to the test, is simultaneously examining how human drivers respond behind the wheel.

正是在这里,通用汽车在测试车辆技术本身的同时,亦在考察人类驾驶员于车内的反应。

This kind of simulation is precisely the means by which General Motors — and indeed other automakers — tests future iterations of its advanced driver-assistance systems.

此种仿真模拟,恰恰是通用汽车——乃至其他汽车制造商——用以测试其高级驾驶辅助系统未来迭代版本的手段。

This technology, also known as ADAS, has to date underpinned a host of widely familiar in-vehicle features, such as automatic emergency braking, blind-spot warning, lane-departure warning, lane-centering assist, surround-view cameras, driver-attention monitoring, and the like.

该技术亦被称作ADAS,迄今已支撑起诸多广为人知的车载功能,诸如自动紧急制动、盲点警告、车道偏离警告、车道居中辅助、环视摄像头、驾驶员注意力监测等。

Such features allow drivers, in certain specific contexts—on highways above all—to "take their hands off the wheel."

此类功能使得驾驶者在某些特定情境下——尤以高速公路为甚——得以"解放双手"。

Automakers anticipate that these systems will eventually reach a state of such advanced maturity that drivers will be able to take their hands off the steering wheel and their eyes off the road with complete confidence.

汽车制造商预计,这些系统终将臻于高度成熟之境,届时驾驶员得以安然双手脱离方向盘、双眼不再注视道路。

Yet what is at stake in this contest is not merely the technology itself but also the payoff — and that payoff is not to be underestimated in its magnitude.

然而,这场角逐所涉者,非仅技术本身,亦关乎回报,且回报之丰厚不容小觑。

Whoever commands the superior technology will draw more consumers into subscribing to such features, thereby turning autonomous driving into a highly lucrative line of business for the industry.

掌握最优技术者,将吸引更多消费者订阅此类功能,从而使自动驾驶成为该行业一项利润可观的业务。

"Achieving 'eyes-off' undoubtedly constitutes a turning point, as consumers will become increasingly inclined to pay for this capability, because once 'eyes-off' is realized, you can genuinely return a portion of their time to drivers, freeing them from having to keep their attention on the road," said Sam Abuelsamid, vice president of market research at Telemetry.

“实现‘解放双眼’无疑构成了一个转折点,消费者将愈发倾向于为这一功能付费,因为一旦‘解放双眼’得以实现,你便真正有可能将部分时间归还给驾驶员,使其无须持续关注道路,”Telemetry公司市场研究副总裁Sam Abuelsamid表示。

"This is precisely where they perceive the true value proposition to lie."

“这正是他们洞见真正价值主张之所在。”

General Motors asserts that its technological solution is expected to be deployed by 2028, at which point it will equip the Cadillac Escalade IQ, a luxury all-electric sport utility vehicle, with the next-generation Super Cruise system.

通用汽车宣称,其技术方案有望于2028年落地,届时将在凯迪拉克Escalade IQ豪华纯电运动型多用途车上搭载下一代Super Cruise系统。

Other manufacturers are likewise following suit.

其余厂商亦步其后尘。

"2028 is merely an approximate deadline, by which time a great many companies will have set their sights on rolling out systems of this kind—systems capable of cruising along highways," Abuelsamid added, "and of operating on a far broader range of roads than the many systems we see today."

“2028年不过是一个大致的时限,届时,为数众多的公司都将以推出此类系统为鹄的——这些系统能够在高速公路上驰骋,”Abuelsamid补充道,“并且能够在远比我们今日所见的诸多系统更为广泛的道路上运行。”

Since 2017, General Motors has been continuously selling vehicles equipped with Super Cruise.

自2017年以降,通用汽车便始终不辍地销售着搭载Super Cruise的车辆。

Super Cruise is a hands-free driver-assistance system—mind you, by no means is it autonomous driving—whose coverage extends to over 630,000 roads across the United States and Canada, while in other parts of the world the roads on which it can be used are far too numerous to enumerate.

Super Cruise乃一套可解放双手的辅助驾驶系统——须留意,其绝非自动驾驶——其适用范围涵盖美国与加拿大逾63万条道路,而在世界其他地区,可供使用的道路更是不胜枚举。

"You can take your hands off the wheel while keeping your gaze fixed on the road, thereby safely enjoying a more stress-relieving driving experience on those everyday commuting routes," said Tyson Becker, General Motors' executive director of autonomous vehicle strategy and product.

“你可以双手脱离方向盘,与此同时仍将视线凝注于道路,从而在那些日常通勤路段上安全地畅享更为减压的驾驶体验,”通用汽车自动驾驶汽车战略与产品执行总监Tyson Becker表示。

To date, more than 20 models across General Motors' four brands—Cadillac, GMC, Buick, and Chevrolet—have been equipped with this technology.

截至目前,通用汽车旗下凯迪拉克、GMC、别克与雪佛兰四大品牌中,已有逾20款车型搭载该项技术。

The automaker intends to further expand the lineup of models equipped with Super Cruise over the coming years, and its ultimate vision is to introduce the next generation of Super Cruise—a cutting-edge technology capable of enabling "eyes-off" driving while ensuring safety.

该汽车制造商拟于未来数年进一步拓展配备Super Cruise的车型阵容,其终极愿景乃是推出下一代Super Cruise——一项足以在确保安全的前提下实现“解放双眼”驾驶的前沿技术。

"What we are discussing here is a safety technology in the truest sense of the word, one that enables you, when the system is engaged, to take your eyes entirely off the road and attend to other matters within the cabin — whether that be browsing your phone, operating a laptop, participating in a meeting, or watching a film," Becker added.

“我们在此探讨的,乃是一项真正意义上的安全技术,其使你在系统激活之际得以将视线全然移离道路,并于车厢之内从事其他事务——无论是浏览手机、操作笔记本电脑、参与会议,抑或观赏影片,”Becker补充道。

One of the most formidable challenges inherent in developing autonomous driving technology lies in anticipating the ceaseless barrage of unforeseen circumstances that arise on the road and enabling the vehicle to respond accordingly.

开发自动驾驶技术所面临的最为棘手的挑战之一,在于预判道路上层出不穷的突发状况,并令车辆对此作出因应。

Such a scenario may arise from a dog, a herd of deer, or even a child darting suddenly into the roadway; or it may stem from a detour that the navigation app failed to anticipate; or again, it may result from the abrupt appearance of a construction zone.

此情此景或肇因于犬只、鹿群乃至孩童骤然窜入车道;抑或源于导航应用未曾预判的绕行路径;又或系施工区域之猝然显现。

The driver—or, in this context, the technological system itself—must possess the capacity to recognize that the surrounding environment has already changed, and to respond in accordance with safe practice.

驾驶员——或于此语境下,技术系统本身——务须具备辨识周遭环境已然更易之能力,并循安全之策予以应对。

This is, to a considerable extent, precisely where simulation—augmented by data collection and artificial intelligence—proves its worth.

这恰恰在很大程度上,正是模拟——辅以数据收集与人工智能——得以施展其效用的关键所在。

In General Motors' simulation, drivers of widely varying levels of experience take the wheel and are confronted with a multitude of computer-generated scenarios set on highways or in urban landscapes, densely populated with other "humans" and road signs.

在通用汽车的模拟中,形形色色经验水平的驾驶员坐进驾驶位,在高速公路上或城市景观中面对大量由计算机生成的场景,其中充斥着其他“人类”与道路标识。

"We certainly aspire to encompass any situation that customers may encounter on the road," said Maureen August, a senior manager at General Motors Research and Development.

“我们诚然冀望能够涵盖客户于道路上或将遭遇的任何情境,”通用汽车研发高级经理Maureen August如是说。

While participants drive in the simulator, General Motors monitors several key data metrics in an adjacent control room—metrics such as heart rate, stress, where drivers' gaze is directed, how long they dwell on a given stretch of road, and the manner in which they attend to the road.

当参与者在模拟器中驾驶之际,通用汽车会在毗邻的控制室内监测若干关键数据指标,诸如心率、压力、驾驶员视线所及之处、其在道路某一区段驻留注视的时长,以及他们以何种方式关注道路。

To this day, one of the most effective means of gauging a driver's attention is none other than inviting them to play Candy Crush to their heart's content.

时至今日,检验驾驶员注意力最为行之有效的手段之一,莫过于邀其畅玩《糖果传奇》。

"We found that this proved remarkably effective in spurring people to invest themselves wholeheartedly and strive single-mindedly for the highest score," August said.

“我们发觉,此举在驱策人们倾力投入、并矢志攫取最高分方面成效斐然,”August说道。

"It is undoubtedly an ingenious device: first it lures you into immersing yourself, and then you have to be forcibly dragged back from whatever task you were supposed to be doing."

“这无疑是一种绝妙的手段:先诱使你投身其中,继而不得不将你从某项任务中生生拽回。”

After the participants have completed the drive, they will be questioned regarding their subjective impressions, the manner in which they comprehend the system, and whether the system possesses an intuitive quality.

在参与者完成驾驶后,将就其主观感受、对系统的理解方式以及系统是否具备直观性进行询问。

Additional factors taken into consideration by General Motors encompass comfort, the ease with which particular functions can be operated, the driver's perception of the system's trustworthiness, and the number of seconds it takes for a driver to assume full control of a vehicle in motion.

通用汽车另行考量的因素涵盖舒适性、特定功能操作的便捷程度、驾驶员对系统可信赖性的感知,以及驾驶员完全接管一辆行驶中车辆所需耗费的秒数。

"We strive to ensure that you are able to respond effectively, and that we issue warnings sufficiently far in advance for you to take over should it become necessary," August stated.

“我们力求确保你能够作出行之有效的响应,并确保我们提前足够充裕地发出警报,以便你在必要时予以接管,”August表示。

"However, we likewise wish to ensure that, if you feel entirely at ease and the vehicle is correspondingly capable, you refrain from taking over and instead allow the vehicle to perform whatever lies within its competence."

“然而,我们同样希望确保,倘若你感到从容自如且车辆具备相应能力,你便不会接管,而是任由车辆履行其力所能及之事。”

At present, a great many automakers are racing to deploy hands-free driving technology; among them, Ford's BlueCruise stands as one of the more prominent examples.

当下,为数众多的汽车制造商正竞相部署解放双手的驾驶技术;其中,福特的BlueCruise堪称声名较为卓著的范例之一。

BlueCruise can be deployed in Ford vehicles equipped with the technology across more than 130,000 miles of roads in parts of North America.

BlueCruise可于配备该技术的福特车辆上,在北美部分逾13万英里的道路范围内予以运用。

Tesla has branded the technology in its vehicles with the name "Full Self-Driving," yet that technology has ultimately failed to break free from its dependence on human supervision.

特斯拉将其车辆所搭载的技术冠以“Full Self-Driving”之名,然而该技术终究未能挣脱对人类监督的依赖。

As for those increasingly sophisticated systems, no production passenger car today truly possesses the technology to "free your eyes"—yet several technology companies have already launched commercial autonomous robotaxi services in certain cities.

至于那些愈显精尖的系统,当今尚无任何一款量产乘用车真正具备“解放双眼”之技术——然而,若干科技企业已在部分城市推出自动驾驶商业机器人出租车服务。

In recent years, several automakers have, within a limited market scope, introduced comparatively modest yet decidedly intricate light-duty driving systems, only to discontinue them in quick succession.

近年来,多家汽车公司曾在有限的市场范围内推出过规模远为逊色、却颇为复杂的轻型驾驶系统,然旋即相继叫停。

Experts point out that, beyond the challenges at the technological level, obstacles at the regulatory level are equally present.

专家指出,除技术层面的挑战之外,监管层面的障碍亦同样存在。

"Nowadays, instances of genuinely subjecting these systems to formal regulation are exceedingly few and far between," noted Abuelsamid of Telemetry.

“如今,真正对这些系统施以规范监管的实例可谓寥寥无几,”Telemetry的Abuelsamid指出。

"For this reason, automakers must essentially secure approval on a state-by-state basis before they can determine where they may operate these systems."

“职是之故,汽车制造商基本上须逐州获取批准,方能厘定其得以在何地运行这些系统。”

Consequently, he remarked, "It remains well-nigh impossible to foresee precisely when — assuming the 2028 target is indeed met — General Motors will be in a position to deploy its 'eyes-off' system, or where."

因此,他说道,“通用汽车究竟何时——倘若2028年真能兑现——得以在何处部署其‘解放双眼’系统,目前尚难逆睹。”

Ultimately, the reason automakers are racing to pursue ever more sophisticated technology is not merely to enhance the appeal of their vehicles, but also to capture the subscription fees that customers pay for in-car technology.

归根结底,汽车制造商之所以竞相追逐更为尖端的技术,其动因不仅在于提升车辆的吸引力,更在于攫取客户为车载技术所支付的订阅费用。

Abuelsamid points out that the crux of this contest lies in "whether sufficient convenience and safety assurances can be created to make consumers willing to pay recurring fees for it… thereby enabling drivers to engage in activities such as watching videos, reading books, or sending text messages—without having to keep their eyes fixed on the road at all times."

Abuelsamid指出,这场角逐的症结在于“能否营造出充分的便捷性与安全保障,使消费者甘愿为此支付经常性费用……从而令驾驶员得以从事诸如观看视频、阅读书籍、发送短信等活动——而无需始终将视线锁定于道路。”

Alexa St. John is a climate reporter.

Alexa St. John 乃一名气候记者。

To follow her account on the X platform, one may look up @alexa_stjohn.

欲于 X 平台关注其账号,可循 @alexa_stjohn。

Should you wish to get in touch with her, please write to [email protected].

若需与之联络,敬请致函 [email protected]。

October 12th, 2026

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