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US retailers adopt AI pricing tools as consumer concerns grow

US retailers adopt AI pricing tools as consumer concerns grow

C1🇹🇼 中文 → 🇺🇸 English

October 19th, 2026

US retailers adopt AI pricing tools as consumer concerns grow

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Please note: This article has been simplified for language learning purposes. Some context and nuance from the original text may have been modified or removed.

🇺🇸 English

American consumers are not only frustrated by high prices, but also angry and confused that chain restaurants and large retailers are increasingly using high-tech methods to set those prices.

美國消費者不僅對高物價感到沮喪,對於連鎖餐廳和大型零售商日益採用高科技手段來制定這些價格,也感到憤怒與困惑。

On grocery store shelves, digital price tags are rapidly replacing paper ones.

在雜貨店的貨架上,數位價格標籤正迅速取代紙質標籤。

AI tools help companies set their pricing by predicting how customers are likely to react.

人工智慧工具透過預測顧客可能的反應,協助企業釐定收費標準。

Terms such as "dynamic pricing" and "surveillance pricing" are causing anxiety on social media, with users wondering whether different people are charged different prices for the same product.

「動態定價」與「監控定價」等詞彙在社群媒體上引發焦慮,用戶懷疑不同的人是否會對同一產品被收取不同的價格。

Americans are already used to prices fluctuating when they book flights, hotel rooms and ride-hailing services, but the prospect that their everyday purchases may be shaped by algorithms they do not understand, and by personal data they may not realise they are sharing, is unsettling.

美國人早已習慣預訂機票、飯店房間和叫車時價格會變動,但日常消費可能受他們不理解的演算法,以及他們或許未意識到自己正在分享的個人數據所影響,這樣的前景令人不安。

Katie Thomas, who heads the internal consumer behaviour think tank at the management consultancy Kearney, said: "A major tension is now emerging over who will truly control these algorithms, and over the power in the use of bots and artificial intelligence: businesses or shoppers."

管理顧問公司科爾尼(Kearney)內部消費者行為智庫負責人凱蒂·托馬斯(Katie Thomas)表示:「目前正出現重大緊張關係,涉及誰將真正掌握這些演算法,以及機器人與人工智慧使用中的權力:是企業還是購物者。」

Companies using the technology say that some of the concern stems from a misunderstanding of how their pricing tools work.

使用該技術的公司表示,部分擔憂源於對其定價工具運作方式的誤解。

In a blog post last month, Walmart CEO John Furner said that digital price tags save employees time and keep prices up to date.

沃爾瑪執行長約翰·弗納(John Furner)上個月在一篇部落格文章中表示,數位價格標籤節省了員工的時間,並使價格保持最新。

He stressed that these tags are not intended to raise prices based on the weather, the time of day, or the individual shopper.

他強調,這些標籤並非用於根據天氣、一天中的時間或個別購物者來提高價格。

Furner wrote: "We price products, not people."

弗納寫道:「我們為產品定價,而非為人定價。」

However, companies are not always transparent about the customer data they collect and how they use it, which makes consumers uneasy and gives rise to speculation.

然而,企業對其蒐集的客戶數據及使用方式並不總是保持透明,這令消費者產生疑慮並引發揣測。

For example, Thomas said that social media posts falsely suggested that the electronic shelf labels Walmart plans to install in all its stores nationwide would scan shoppers' faces or phones in order to set personalised prices.

例如,托馬斯表示,社群媒體貼文錯誤地暗示,沃爾瑪計劃在全美所有門市設置的電子貨架標籤會掃描購物者的臉部或手機,以設定個別化價格。

Legislators and regulators are taking action.

立法者與監管機構正採取行動。

According to data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, lawmakers in at least 30 states have considered pricing bills this year, including measures targeting algorithmic pricing and personalised pricing.

根據全國州議會會議的數據,今年至少有30個州的立法者審議了定價法案,其中包括針對演算法定價與個人化定價的措施。

The Federal Trade Commission has proposed an enforcement policy, warning companies that they may violate consumer protection law if they fail to disclose their use of personal data to set individualized prices.

聯邦貿易委員會已提出一項執法政策,警告企業若未披露其使用個人數據設定個別化價格,可能違反消費者保護法。

The following are several pricing practices and technologies that have come under scrutiny.

以下列舉若干受到審查的定價做法與技術。

What is dynamic pricing? Dynamic pricing refers to adjusting prices according to constantly changing market conditions, including supply and demand.

何謂動態定價:動態定價係指依據不斷變化的市場條件(涵蓋供需狀況)來調整價格。

Airlines adjusting ticket prices as departure time approaches is an application of dynamic pricing.

航空公司隨著起飛時間逼近而調整整票價,即為動態定價之運用。

Uber's practice of raising fares when demand exceeds the available supply of drivers, such as during peak hours, is a form of dynamic pricing known as surge pricing.

優步於需求超出可用司機供給之時(諸如尖峰時段)調高車資之作法,乃一種被稱作高峰定價的動態定價。

Why it matters: the impact of frequent price changes extends far beyond food.

為何重要:頻繁的價格變動所影響的範疇,遠不止於食品。

The web data company Decodo tracked price changes in 2025 across a wide range of products, from electronics to clothing and home improvement supplies.

網路數據公司Decodo追蹤了2025年從電子產品到服裝和家居裝修用品等各類產品的價格變化。

Gabriele Vitke, a senior product marketing manager, said that about half of the US price changes it recorded were price cuts, which is the exact opposite of the common consumer assumption that dynamic pricing only drives prices up.

資深產品行銷經理加布里埃萊·維特克(Gabriele Vitke)表示,在其記錄的美國價格變化中,約有一半屬於降價,這與消費者普遍認為動態定價只會推高價格的假設恰恰相反。

What is an electronic shelf label? It is a digital display that allows stores to update shelf prices electronically, without having to replace paper labels.

何謂電子貨架標籤:一種數位顯示器,使商店得以電子方式更新貨架價格,而無須更換紙質標籤。

Why it matters: Electronic price tags have long been in use in Europe and Asia, and as they spread to major US retailers such as Walmart and Whole Foods, they are attracting growing attention.

為何重要:電子價格標籤在歐洲和亞洲早已投入使用,而隨著其擴展至沃爾瑪和全食超市等美國主要零售商,正引發日益增多的關注。

Consumer advocates argue that electronic labels may eventually be used for peak pricing or personalised pricing.

消費者倡導者認為,電子標籤最終或將被用於高峰定價或個人化定價。

Trade unions are likewise opposed to this technology.

工會同樣對這項技術持反對態度。

Although electronic shelf labels make frequent price changes easier, they do not necessarily lead to higher prices during periods of strong demand.

電子貨架標籤雖讓頻繁變價更為容易,卻未必會在需求強勁時期導致價格上漲。

Asa Farquhar of the retail technology company Relex Solutions says that retailers usually update electronic shelf prices on a fixed schedule (mostly weekly), because shoppers value consistency.

零售技術公司Relex Solutions的Asa Farquhar表示,零售商通常依固定時間表(多為每週)更新電子貨架價格,因為購物者重視一致性。

After tracking prices at an unnamed grocery chain, researchers found that there was "almost no peak pricing" following the introduction of the labels.

研究人員追蹤一家未具名雜貨連鎖店的價格後發現,引入標籤後「幾乎沒有高峰定價」。

Farquhar said: "Nowadays, in groceries and general merchandise, it is extremely rare for prices to change throughout the day the way they do with airlines or ride-hailing apps."

Farquhar說:「如今在雜貨和一般商品中,像航空公司或叫車應用那樣全天改變價格的情況極為罕見。」

What is personalised pricing? Personalised pricing refers to offering different prices and discounts to customers based on their location, income, web-browsing habits, and other information about individuals or groups of shoppers.

什麼是個人化定價:個人化定價是指根據顧客的位置、收入、網頁瀏覽習慣,以及其他關於個人或購物者群體的資訊,向顧客提供不同的價格和折扣。

Some advocacy groups and regulators use the term "surveillance pricing" to refer to the same practice.

一些倡導團體和監管機構用「監控定價」一詞來指稱同樣的做法。

Why it matters: It is currently unclear how widely companies use personal information to tailor prices.

為何重要:目前尚不清楚企業在多廣泛的範圍內使用個人信息來定制價格。

A report released by Federal Trade Commission staff in January 2025 found that intermediaries offering customizable pricing and promotional tools work with at least 250 clients, including grocery and clothing retailers.

聯邦貿易委員會工作人員於2025年1月發布的報告發現,提供可定制價格和促銷工具的中介機構與至少250個客戶合作,其中包括雜貨和服裝零售商。

Lawmakers in Maryland, New Jersey and Connecticut have recently enacted regulations that restrict the use of shoppers' personal data to determine the prices they pay.

馬里蘭州、新澤西州和康乃狄克州的立法者近期頒布法規,限制使用購物者的個人數據來決定其支付價格。

The laws in Maryland and New Jersey focus on groceries and make exceptions for certain loyalty discounts and other promotional offers, whereas Connecticut's legislation covers a broader range of retail purchases.

馬里蘭州與新澤西州的法律聚焦於雜貨,對某些忠誠度折扣及其他促銷優惠設有例外;康乃狄克州的立法則涵蓋更廣泛的零售購買。

In 2022, California prosecutors filed a lawsuit against Target, alleging that the retailer's app showed lower prices before shoppers entered the store but raised them once they were inside.

加州檢察官於2022年對Target提起訴訟,指控該零售商的應用程式在購物者進店前顯示較低的價格,卻在他們入店後調高價格。

Target has agreed to pay a $5 million settlement and has pledged to refrain from using so-called "geofencing" technology to raise prices.

Target已同意支付500萬美元的和解金,並承諾禁止使用所謂的「地理圍欄」技術來抬高價格。

Target stated that the controversial app feature was intended to "provide guests with accurate pricing, as prices may vary across different stores and channels."

Target表示,這項引發爭議的應用程式功能旨在「為客人提供準確的定價,不同商店和通路的價格可能有所差異」。

The retailer said it does not personalize prices based on guests' data or behavior and remains "committed to clear, transparent pricing."

該零售商表示,其並未依據客人的數據或行為來個人化價格,並仍然「致力於清晰、透明的定價」。

Different prices do not necessarily mean that personal data has been used.

不同的價格未必意味著個人數據遭到了使用。

Last year, an investigation by Consumer Reports, the Groundwork Collaborative and More Perfect Union found that shoppers on Instacart were shown different prices for the same products at the same store.

去年,消費者報告、Groundwork Collaborative和More Perfect Union的一項調查發現,Instacart上的購物者在同一商店購買相同產品時被顯示不同的價格。

Instacart subsequently ended what it called a test that randomly assigned shoppers to different groups rather than setting prices based on their personal information.

Instacart隨後終止了其所謂的測試,該測試隨機將購物者分配到不同群組,而非依據其個人信息設定價格。

What is algorithmic pricing? Algorithmic pricing is the use of software to recommend or automatically set prices.

何謂演算法定價:演算法定價係運用軟體來推薦或自動設定價格。

Companies have been using such systems for decades.

企業採用此類系統已歷數十年之久。

Artificial intelligence enables software to identify patterns in sales, competitors' prices and other information, thereby forecasting demand and assessing how different price levels will affect sales and profits.

人工智慧得以協助軟體辨識銷售、競爭對手價格及其他資訊中的模式,進而預測需求,並評估不同價格水準將如何影響銷售與利潤。

These tools can support dynamic pricing and personalised pricing.

這些工具可支持動態定價與個人化定價。

Why it matters: It remains unclear how extensively retailers use artificial intelligence to help set prices; however, research indicates that businesses across a wide range of industries are adopting this technology.

為何重要:目前尚不清楚零售商在多廣泛的範圍內運用人工智慧協助定價,然而研究表明,各行各業的企業皆在採用此項技術。

Last year, the global consulting firm Simon-Kucher surveyed more than 2,200 business leaders across 28 countries and 39 industries, and 41% of them said they use artificial intelligence software to gather market intelligence, including competitors' prices.

全球諮詢公司Simon-Kucher於去年對28個國家、39個行業的2200多名企業領導人展開調查,其中41%表示他們使用人工智慧軟體來收集市場情報,包括競爭對手的價格。

A further 28% said they use it for "real-time price optimization."

另有28%表示他們將其用於「即時價格優化」。

Price optimization means choosing prices that advance business goals, such as increasing profits, attracting shoppers, or clearing unsold goods.

價格優化是指選擇能推進業務目標(如增加利潤、吸引購物者或清理未售商品)的價格。

The National Retail Federation, which represents both large and small stores, says that algorithmic pricing is a new take on a long-standing retail practice: monitoring and adjusting prices based on supply, demand, seasonality, competitors' prices and other factors.

代表大小商店的全國零售聯合會表示,演算法定價是零售商長期做法的一種新方式:根據供應、需求、季節性、競爭對手價格及其他因素,監控並調整價格。

Several lawsuits allege that the company engaged in anti-competitive conduct by using pricing algorithms.

若干訴訟指控該公司透過運用定價演算法從事反競爭行為。

The antitrust lawsuit that the Federal Trade Commission filed against Amazon in 2023 challenges several practices, including an algorithmic tool code-named "Project Nessie."

聯邦貿易委員會於2023年對亞馬遜提起的反壟斷訴訟,對包括代號「Nessie計劃」的演算法工具在內的多項做法提出挑戰。

The agency alleges that Amazon used the tool to identify products whose prices could be raised and that competitors were likely to follow, thereby extracting more than $1 billion in excess profits.

該機構指控亞馬遜利用該工具找出可提價、且競爭對手可能跟進的產品,藉此獲取逾10億美元的過剩利潤。

The trial is scheduled to begin next year.

審判預定於明年展開。

Amazon stated that the Federal Trade Commission's allegations "seriously misrepresent" the pricing tool.

亞馬遜方面表示,聯邦貿易委員會的指控「嚴重歪曲」了該定價工具。

The e-commerce giant said that "Project Nessie" was intended to curb the unsustainable low prices caused by retail price-matching practices.

這家電子商務巨頭表示,「Nessie計劃」旨在遏止零售價格匹配做法所導致的不可持續低價。

Amazon said it had tested the tool for several years, but as the results fell short of expectations, it abandoned the tool before the federal agency filed its lawsuit.

亞馬遜表示,該公司對這項工具測試了數年,但成效未如預期,因此在聯邦機構提起訴訟前便將其廢棄。

A recent consumer lawsuit against McDonald's alleges that the company's pricing system used non-public sales data from competitors to coordinate prices.

近期一宗針對麥當勞的消費者訴訟指控,該公司的定價系統使用來自競爭對手的非公開銷售數據來協調價格。

The Chicago-based burger giant said the lawsuit is "full of inaccuracies," and stated that the company provides the tool to its U.S. franchisees to help them set prices at their respective restaurants.

這家總部位於芝加哥的漢堡巨頭表示,該訴訟「充滿不準確之處」,並稱公司向美國加盟商提供該工具,以協助他們在各自的餐廳設定價格。

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