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There is a lack of transparency regarding the research, development, and on-orbit deployment of space weapons by various countries.

There is a lack of transparency regarding the research, development, and on-orbit deployment of space weapons by various countries.

C1🇨🇳 中文 → 🇺🇸 English

October 6th, 2026

There is a lack of transparency regarding the research, development, and on-orbit deployment of space weapons by various countries.

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Please note: This article has been simplified for language learning purposes. Some context and nuance from the original text may have been modified or removed.

🇺🇸 English

Air Force Secretary Troy Meink recently confirmed that the United States has deployed weapons in space, a revelation that promptly made headlines.

空军部长特洛伊·迈因克近日证实,美国已在太空部署武器,这一消息随即成为头条新闻。

However, he did not elaborate on what these weapons are, how they operate, or whether they target other objects in space.

然而,他并未详细说明这些武器是什么、如何运作,或者是否以太空中的其他物体为目标。

America's various efforts in the field of space weapons remain shrouded in thick fog.

美国在太空武器领域的种种努力依旧笼罩在重重迷雾之中。

The following are several issues that experts are concerned about:

以下乃是专家们所关注的若干问题:

Speaking at a defense conference, Meink stated that the United States had deployed "space-based space control weapons capable of defending joint forces in orbit from hostile enemy actions," referring here to US forces.

迈因克在一次防务会议上表示,美国已部署了“能够在轨防御联合部队、使其免受敌方敌对行动影响的天基太空控制武器”,这里指的是美军。

It remains unclear what type of weapon Meink was referring to.

目前尚不清楚迈因克所指的是哪种类型的武器。

Resources such as the 2026 Global Counterspace Capabilities Report, published by the non-profit Secure World Foundation and based on publicly available information, help to sketch an overview of potential space weapons.

诸如非营利组织“安全世界基金会”发布的、基于公开信息的《2026年全球反太空能力报告》等资源,有助于勾勒潜在太空武器的概貌。

The report identifies five categories of counter-space capabilities and examines systems under development in 13 countries, including the United States, Russia, China, India, Australia, France, Iran and Israel.

该报告列出了五类反太空能力,并审查了13个国家正在研发的系统,这些国家包括美国、俄罗斯、中国、印度、澳大利亚、法国、伊朗和以色列。

These include satellites designed to manoeuvre near spacecraft, inspect them, disable them, or destroy them.

这些包括设计用于在航天器附近机动、检查、使其失效或摧毁航天器的卫星。

The report also examines ground-, air-, or sea-based missile interceptors designed to destroy satellites by kinetic means.

报告还审查了设计用于通过动能方式摧毁卫星的地面、空中或海基导弹拦截器。

In addition, the report highlighted electronic warfare methods, such as jamming, as well as lasers or high-power microwaves designed to blind or damage satellite sensors.

此外,报告还着重指出了电子战手段,如干扰,以及旨在致盲或损毁卫星传感器的激光或高功率微波。

The report also listed cyber operations targeting space networks.

报告亦列举了针对太空网络的网络行动。

The foundation advocates the peaceful use of space, and its chief director for space security and stability, Victoria Samson, stated that the existence of various satellites and their physical positions in orbit are relatively transparent; however, their capabilities and intended purposes are harder to understand.

该基金会倡导和平利用太空,其太空安全与稳定首席主任维多利亚·萨姆森表示,各类卫星的存在及其在轨道上的物理位置较为透明,然而其能力和预期用途则更难理解。

For instance, the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs in Vienna promotes transparency in space by maintaining a registry that links each object to the state responsible for it.

例如,位于维也纳的联合国外层空间事务厅通过维护一份登记册来支持太空透明度,该登记册将每个物体与其责任国联系起来。

Countries that signed the 1976 agreement are required to provide information on launches by both governments and private companies, as well as the general function of space objects, but they are not obliged to disclose details about their purpose.

签署1976年协议的国家必须提供政府和私营公司发射的信息以及太空物体的一般功能,但无需提供其目的的详细信息。

As an example of a capability that could serve both military and non-military purposes, it became known in 2021 that China had tested a satellite equipped with a robotic arm, which could manoeuvre close to a system, grab hold of it and move it out of orbit.

作为一个可能同时用于军事和非军事目的的例子,2021年人们得知,中国测试了一颗带有机械臂的卫星,该机械臂可以机动到一个系统附近,抓住它并将其移出轨道。

In 2022, China used such a system for the first time to drag one of its defunct satellites out of orbit.

2022年,中国首次使用此类系统将其一颗失效卫星拖出轨道。

In addition, two years ago the United States issued a warning that Russia was developing a new type of space-based anti-satellite weapon, although the White House indicated at the time that the danger was not imminent.

此外,美国曾于两年前发出警告,称俄罗斯正在研发一种新型天基反卫星武器,尽管白宫方面当时表示相关危险并不迫在眉睫。

John Kirby, then the White House national security spokesman, declined to comment on whether the weapon had nuclear capabilities, but he did say that such a move would violate the Outer Space Treaty.

时任白宫国家安全发言人约翰·柯比拒绝评论该武器是否具备核能力,但他确实表示,此举将违反《外层空间条约》。

Russia has denied that it is developing any such new capability.

俄罗斯方面否认正在研发任何此类新型能力。

The Outer Space Treaty constitutes the primary international agreement governing the exploration and use of outer space by nations.

《外层空间条约》构成了规范各国探索与利用外层空间活动的主要国际协定。

Apart from Russia, the United States, China, and all other nuclear-armed states are parties to the treaty.

除俄罗斯之外,美国、中国以及所有其他核武国家均为该条约的缔约国。

Article IV stipulates that state parties "undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner."

第四条规定,缔约国"承诺不在环绕地球的轨道上放置任何载有核武器或任何其他种类大规模毁灭性武器的物体,不在天体上安装此类武器,也不以任何其他方式在外层空间部署此类武器。"

The treaty also declares outer space to be a global commons, to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes.

该条约亦宣告太空为全球公域,仅可专用于和平之目的。

The treaty was concluded in 1967, during the Cold War, when the United States and the Soviet Union were racing to explore space and had conducted a series of nuclear tests in orbit.

该条约缔结于1967年冷战期间,当时美国和苏联竞相探索太空,并在轨道上进行了一系列核试验。

At that time, the situation in space was vastly different from what it is today.

彼时,太空的景象与如今大相径庭。

Jonathan McDowell, a retired astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, has been tracking satellite launches for more than four decades.

哈佛-史密森天体物理中心的退休天文学家乔纳森·麦克道尔,四十余年来一直追踪卫星发射。

McDowell states that by the end of 1967, there were 128 satellites in orbit communicating with Earth.

麦克道尔称,到1967年底,共有128颗卫星在轨并与地球通信。

At that time, all satellites were the product of state-backed public programs.

当时,所有卫星都是国家支持的公共项目的产物。

By contrast, McDowell says there are now about 16,810 operational satellites—many of them belonging to companies such as SpaceX's Starlink network.

相比之下,麦克道尔称如今约有16,810颗运行中的卫星——其中许多来自SpaceX的星链网络等公司。

In 1962, as part of Operation Fishbowl, the United States detonated a series of atomic bombs in space.

1962年,美国作为“鱼缸行动”的一部分,在太空引爆了一系列原子弹。

The first test, named Starfish Prime, was launched from an atoll southwest of Hawaii.

首次试验名为“海星一号”,从夏威夷西南方向的一座环礁发射。

The explosion created an artificial radiation belt, destroyed several satellites, and was partly responsible for disruptions to streetlights and telephone lines in Hawaii.

爆炸产生了人工辐射带,摧毁了数颗卫星,并部分导致夏威夷的路灯和电话线中断。

Similarly, between 1961 and 1962, the Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests in space as part of "Project K."

同样,苏联在1961年至1962年间作为“K项目”的一部分在太空进行了核试验。

These tests caused power grid failures and telephone line disruptions, and sparked fires that destroyed an entire power plant in Kazakhstan.

这些试验导致电网故障、电话线中断,并引发火灾,摧毁了哈萨克斯坦的一座整个发电厂。

These tests demonstrated that nuclear explosions in space pose a substantial risk to civilian infrastructure and communications on Earth, thereby prompting the superpowers to pursue an agreement banning the deployment of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in space.

这些试验显示,太空中的核爆炸对地球上的民用基础设施和通信构成巨大风险,从而促使超级大国寻求一项禁止在太空部署核武器及其他大规模毁灭性武器的协议。

Analysts point out that the treaty has failed to effectively address the many challenges confronting the contemporary world.

分析人士指出,该条约未能有效应对当代所面临的诸多挑战。

Jessica West, a senior researcher at the Canadian Peace and Security Institute's "Project Ploughshares", has pointed out that the legal framework governing space activities urgently requires "fundamental change".

加拿大和平与安全研究所“犁铧项目”高级研究员杰西卡·韦斯特指出,规范太空活动的法律框架亟需“从根本上改变”。

She stated that although the Outer Space Treaty remains relevant and applicable as a "constitutional foundation," the international community has yet to undertake the "hard work" around the treaty to build a legal architecture, especially in refining verification mechanisms for space activities and extending its principles to prohibit conventional weapons in space.

她表示,尽管《外层空间条约》作为“宪法基础”依然具有相关性和适用性,但国际社会尚未围绕该条约开展“艰苦的工作”来构建法律架构,尤其是在完善太空活动核查机制以及将原则延伸至禁止太空常规武器方面。

Michelle Hanlon, executive director of the Center for Air and Space Law at the University of Mississippi School of Law, agreed, noting that the treaty contains a "gap" when it comes to banning conventional weapons.

密西西比大学法学院航空与太空法中心执行主任米歇尔·汉伦对此表示赞同,并指出该条约在禁止常规武器方面存在“空白”。

According to Samson, international efforts to negotiate a new framework banning all space weapons have stalled, partly because there is a lack of consensus on what counts as a space weapon.

据萨姆森称,旨在谈判一项禁止所有太空武器的新框架的国际努力已经停滞,原因之一是对什么算作太空武器缺乏共识。

She stated that many capabilities are "dual-use" — that is, they can serve both civilian and military purposes — which makes it difficult to define what constitutes a weapon.

她表示,许多能力都具有“双重用途”,也就是说,它们既能用于民用,也能用于军事,这就让界定何为武器变得困难。

"You can approach a satellite to refuel it, but you can also approach a satellite to release objects toward it, shine a laser at it, or attempt to interfere with it," Samson said.

“你可以靠近卫星为其加油,但也可以靠近卫星向其释放物体、向其照射激光或试图干扰它,”萨姆森说。

The debate over banning weapons comes at a time when the United States, under President Donald Trump, is placing growing emphasis on space.

围绕禁止武器的讨论,正值美国总统唐纳德·特朗普执政下美国日益重视太空之际。

In 2019, during his first term, Trump established the Space Force, designating it as an independent military branch.

2019年,在其首个任期内,特朗普组建了太空军,将其确立为一个独立军种。

By his second term, he had announced the "Golden Dome" missile defense system, a framework that encompasses plans for deploying weapons in space.

至其第二个任期,他则宣布了“金穹”导弹防御系统,该体系涵盖在太空部署武器的相关规划。

Russia and China sought to introduce a new treaty to ban the deployment of all weapons in space, but this effort hit a wall, partly because of a lack of definitions.

俄罗斯和中国试图引入一项新条约,以禁止在太空部署所有武器,但这一努力碰了壁,部分原因是缺乏定义。

In addition, Washington said the treaty overlooked ground-based anti-satellite missiles, which, when used, generate large amounts of dangerous space debris.

此外,华盛顿表示该条约忽略了陆基反卫星导弹,这些导弹在使用时会产生大量危险的太空碎片。

In November 2021, Russia launched one such missile, destroying a defunct Soviet-era satellite and generating over 1,500 pieces of debris, thereby heightening the risks faced by American and Russian astronauts aboard the International Space Station as well as by China's Tiangong space station.

2021年11月,俄罗斯发射了这样一枚导弹,将一颗废弃的苏联时代卫星摧毁,由此产生1500多块碎片,加剧了国际空间站上美国和俄罗斯宇航员以及中国天宫空间站所面临的风险。

As progress on a comprehensive treaty has clearly stalled, international negotiations have shifted their focus to discussing responsible behavior in space, such as avoiding the accumulation of space debris.

由于全面条约的进展明显停滞,国际谈判已将重点转向讨论太空中的负责任行为,例如避免太空碎片的积累。

Samson stated that for many years the United States has pursued a policy of avoiding the accumulation of space debris, since debris can interfere with the safety of spaceflight and harm America's own interests.

萨姆森表示,美国多年来一直奉行避免太空碎片积累的政策,因为碎片可能干扰太空飞行安全并损害美国的自身利益。

She also stated that, for the same reason, the space weapons Meink mentioned could be non-kinetic weapons such as jammers.

她还表示,出于同样的原因,迈因克提到的太空武器可能是干扰器等非动能武器。

Space debris arises not only from kinetic space weapons, but also from satellite collisions—satellites are smashed into countless fragments and even smaller particles that travel at high speed and are capable of destroying or damaging more spacecraft.

太空碎片不仅产生于动能太空武器,也产生于卫星碰撞——卫星被撞成无数碎片和更小的颗粒,高速运行,能够摧毁或损坏更多航天器。

"If you start having collisions that create more debris, and that debris leads to more collisions, you run the risk of ... this irreversible chain reaction," said Steven Freeland, an emeritus professor of international law at Western Sydney University and a distinguished fellow at Bond University.

“如果你开始发生碰撞,导致更多碎片,而更多碎片又导致更多碰撞,你就会面临……这种不可逆转的连锁效应的风险,”西悉尼大学国际法荣誉教授兼邦德大学特聘研究员史蒂文·弗里兰说。

According to data provided by the European Space Agency, approximately 46,950 pieces of debris in Earth's orbit are being regularly tracked by space surveillance networks.

根据欧洲空间局所提供的数据,在地球轨道上,约有46,950块碎片正受到太空监视网络的定期追踪。

Based on statistical models, the agency estimates that millions of additional smaller pieces of space debris are orbiting the Earth.

该机构依据统计模型估计,另有数百万块更小的太空垃圾正环绕地球轨道运行。

— The reporter receives funding from several private foundations.

——记者接受多个私人基金会的资助。

The Associated Press takes full responsibility for all content.

美联社对所有内容全权负责。

The standards governing the AP's collaboration with philanthropic organisations, the list of supporters, and the areas of coverage that receive funding are all available for consultation at AP.org.

有关美联社与慈善机构合作的标准、支持者名单以及受资助的报道领域,均可在AP.org上查阅。

October 6th, 2026

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