Venturing into the secluded recesses of a newsroom, one frequently discerns its presence, surreptitiously affixed to the bulletin board, perhaps faintly emerging from behind the coffee urn—that is the code of professional ethics promulgated by the association of professional journalists.
步入某新聞編輯室的僻靜角落,您往往能察覺其蹤跡,悄然張貼於佈告欄之上,或許自咖啡壺後方隱約顯露——那是專業記者協會所頒布的職業道德規範。
The entire text, comprising fewer than a thousand words, suffices to be neatly arrayed within the confined dimensions of a single poster.
全文不足千言,足以工整地陳列於單張海報的方寸之間。
"With all due respect," Axelrod — currently the chair of SPJ's Ethics Committee and a former longtime business reporter for Gannett — remarked.
「恕我直言,」阿克塞爾羅德——現任SPJ道德委員會主席,曾長期擔任甘尼特公司商業記者——如是說。
"This is the path to safeguarding democracy, and equally the means to preserve society.
「此乃捍衛民主之途,亦為守護社會之道。
Should a society find itself bereft of journalists, then we can only beseech divine mercy."
倘若社會無記者存焉,則唯賴上天垂憐矣。」
Axelrod did not merely acknowledge the existence of the code; he underscored the imperative for its periodic revision.
阿克塞爾羅德不僅論及規範之存在,更強調其須不時更迭之必要性。
This constitutes a laborious undertaking, spanning roughly a year and entailing countless hours of meetings and feedback, whether conducted in virtual or in-person formats, all of which demand unwavering commitment.
此乃一項耗費心力之鉅業,歷時約莫一載,並涵蓋無數時辰之會議與反饋,無論係線上抑或實體形式,皆須投入其中。
However, given that the media ecosystem landscape is in a state of near-constant flux, with emerging technologies proliferating unabated, the SPJ has thus declared that the moment has arrived—this being the first occasion in twelve years, and only the sixth instance in the century-long history of its code of ethics.
然而,鑑於媒體生態格局幾近朝夕變遷,新興科技層出不窮,SPJ遂斷言時機已然成熟——此乃十二年來之首度,亦為其規範百年歷程中僅見之第六回。
The gravity of this undertaking impelled the committee and sundry media ethicists, after a series of online deliberations, to convene in Indianapolis come June.
此項任務之嚴肅性,促使委員會與諸位媒體倫理專家,於歷經多次線上研討之後,於六月齊聚印第安納波利斯。
Manifestly, this undertaking is scarcely the most leisurely means of whiling away a weekend.
顯而易見,此舉絕非消磨週末之最輕鬆途徑。
"Well, there was no physical altercation," jested his colleague Chris Roberts, who serves as both vice chair of the committee and a professor of journalism at the University of Alabama.
「嗯,並無肢體衝突,」其同僚克里斯·羅伯茨戲謔道,此君身兼委員會副主席與阿拉巴馬大學新聞學教授之職。
He further elaborated that the process entailed "a great deal of verbal sparring."
他進一步闡釋,箇中經歷了「大量的文字錘鍊」。
"We are carefully considering artificial intelligence and its application, and at times even misuse, within news organizations," Roberts remarked, "given that they confront this nascent technology, which, while capable of curtailing expenditures, may also engender a plethora of malpractices should it not be deployed in an efficacious and ethically sound manner."
「我們正審慎考量人工智能及其在新聞機構中的應用,甚至有時是濫用,」羅伯茨表示,「鑑於他們面對此一新興技術,它雖能為其節省開支,然若未能以有效且合乎倫理之方式運用,亦恐衍生諸多弊端。」
Another vexing dimension pertains to the very definition of the term "professional journalist."
另一個棘手的層面涉及「專業記者」此一術語本身的定義。
In recent years, the proliferation of independent, so-called "creator-journalists" has reached an unprecedented magnitude.
近年來,獨立且所謂的「創作者記者」數量激增,其規模之鉅,實屬前所未見。
SPJ contends that this cohort ought likewise to be subject to, and guided by, commensurate standards.
SPJ主張,此一群體亦應受相應規範之約束與指引。
(As ever, such standards constitute voluntary guidelines, devoid of any coercive force.)
(一如既往,此類規範乃屬自願性質之準則,並不具備任何強制效力。)
"We are talking about a world in which trust in us has waned considerably," Roberts remarked.
「我們所論及的,是一個對我們信賴已大不如前的世界,」羅伯茨如是說。
"We are referring to those politicians and magnates who go to great lengths to undermine journalism, simply because it dares to expose their malfeasance.
「我們所論及的,是那些政客與權貴,他們竭盡全力打擊新聞業,只因新聞業敢於揭露其弊病。
Concurrently, the commercial underpinnings of journalism have undergone a seismic financial transformation, with a third of journalists today no longer affiliated with legacy news organizations."
與此同時,新聞業的商業模式在財務層面經歷了劇烈變革,如今有三分之一的記者已不再隸屬於傳統新聞機構。」
"All these circumstances, and indeed matters of even greater profundity, furnish us with ample justification for a thorough reassessment," he remarked, "and serve as a stark admonition to the public: certain principles ought to stand as universal benchmarks, irrespective of whether one professes to be a practitioner of journalism or of the nature of the platform upon which one operates."
「凡此種種,乃至更為深遠之事,皆為吾輩重新審視之充分理據,」他言道,「並足以警醒世人:某些準則理應成為普世標竿,無論其身分是否自詡為新聞從業者,抑或其服務平台之型態為何。」
SPJ, founded in 1909, commands a nationwide membership approaching four thousand.
SPJ,肇基於1909年,麾下雲集全國近四千名成員。
In 1926, the organization first adopted its code of professional ethics; subsequently, in 1948, it established an ethics committee, and has since undergone five revisions of the code—the most recent of which was completed in 2014.
1926年,該組織首度採納其職業道德規範;繼而於1948年,復設立道德委員會,並歷經五次規範之修訂——最近一次修訂則於2014年完成。
Nevertheless, numerous other facets have undergone transformation.
然而,諸多其他層面已然歷經變遷。
The report appended to the draft observes that, as the industry progressively wanes, positions within conventional newsrooms are being incrementally curtailed.
草案所附之報告指出,隨著行業日漸式微,傳統新聞編輯室之職位正逐步削減。
Concurrently, the report further indicates a conspicuous proliferation in the numbers of citizen journalists, freelance writers, online opinion leaders, and commentators.
與此同時,該報告亦表明,公民記者、自由撰稿人、網絡意見領袖及評論員之數量呈現顯著增長。
Citing data from the Pew Research Center, the report reveals that in 2023, as much as a full third of journalists were engaged in freelance or self-employed capacities.
報告援引皮尤研究中心之數據,顯示2023年竟有整整三分之一之記者係以自由職業或自僱之形式從業。
The report further contends that the waning visibility of news organizations vested with oversight functions, compounded by the phenomenon of "individuals, organizations, and private investors lacking professional journalistic credentials acquiring or establishing news assets to sway reportorial content, meddle in editorial policy, and thereby advance their personal political or commercial agendas," constitutes a latent concern within the contemporary media landscape that warrants rigorous scrutiny.
該報告亦進一步指出,監督職能之新聞機構的能見度日趨式微,加之「缺乏新聞專業背景之個人、組織及私人投資者,藉由收購或創設新聞資產,進而左右新聞報導內容、干預編輯方針,並藉此推行其個人政治或商業議程」之現象,實為當前媒體生態中值得深究之隱憂。
Consequently, a newly appended line unequivocally stipulates: "Bear in mind that neither speed, technology, nor medium may serve as a pretext for inaccuracy or injustice. Journalists bear an ethical obligation for their work, irrespective of the tools and technologies employed."
因此,新添之一行明言:「切記,速度、技術或媒介皆不得成為失實或不公之託辭。記者對其工作負有倫理之責,無論所採工具與技術為何。」
In essence: accountability rests with the journalist, even should artificial intelligence proffer its own assertions.
質言之:責任繫於記者,縱使人工智能或有所言。
The draft proposal—which, following the conclusion of the current consultation period, is slated for a vote by a broader assembly in October—does not explicitly single out artificial intelligence, instead referring generically to tools and technologies, thereby ensuring its continued relevance in the face of technological evolution.
該提案草案——在當前徵詢期結束後,將於十月交由更廣泛的組織進行表決——並未明確點名人工智能,僅泛指工具與技術,藉此確保其能因應技術演進而維持時效性。
Furthermore, the draft also encompasses other matters, such as content verification, disinformation, crime reporting, and the realm of manipulated imagery.
此外,草案亦涵蓋其他議題,諸如內容驗證、虛假資訊、犯罪報導及偽造影像等範疇。
A particularly conspicuous addition, one that is bound to provoke extensive debate, resides in the following sentence: "Be vigilant and bold in holding those in power accountable, while simultaneously counteracting the unjust marginalization imposed upon the vulnerable."
一個尤為引人矚目、且勢必激起廣泛論辯的增補,在於此句:「警惕並勇於究責掌權者,同時抵銷對弱勢者所施加的不公邊緣化。」
What is thought-provoking is precisely what it has supplanted.
引人深思的是,它究竟取代了何物。
The original text asserts: "Give voice to the voiceless."
原文宣稱:「為無聲者發聲。」
This phrasing is called into question because it presupposes that certain groups are inherently bereft of the capacity to articulate their own concerns.
此一措辭之所以備受質疑,乃因其預設了某些群體本質上缺乏發聲之能力。
Committee member Eric Deggans observed, "The issue is not that they lack a platform to voice their concerns, but rather that mainstream news media frequently turn a blind eye to them, or are even wholly oblivious to their very existence."
委員會成員埃里克·德格斯指出:「問題並非在於他們缺乏發聲的渠道,而在於主流新聞媒體往往對其視而不見,甚至對其存在渾然不覺。」
"What we seek to elucidate," said Deggans—a commentator for NPR and a professor of media ethics at Washington and Lee University—"is the notion that certain groups may be marginalized by journalistic coverage... (reporters) ought to make concerted efforts to incorporate them in pertinent contexts, particularly when doing so would enhance the veracity of the report."
「我們所欲闡明者,」德格斯——NPR之評論員,亦為華盛頓與李大學媒體倫理學教授——言道,「乃存在此般觀點,即若干群體或遭新聞報導所邊緣化……(記者)理應於相關情境中戮力將其納入,尤當此舉能增益報導之精確性時。」
In light of the transformative shifts within the industrial landscape, one cannot help but ponder a more overarching proposition: can a singular standard be universally applicable to all beings?
鑑於產業格局之嬗變,吾人不禁思忖一更為宏觀之命題:單一規範能否普世適用於眾生?
Or will it ultimately devolve into a mere formality—an empty document that garners scant attention?
抑或其終將淪為徒具形式而乏人問津之空文?
"We must by no means evade this issue," responded Chris Vaccaro, the current SPJ president, "even as the industry's ecosystem undergoes transformation, or the very definition of a journalist has been reshaped."
「我們絕不應迴避此議題,」現任SPJ主席克里斯·瓦卡羅回應道,「縱使行業生態正歷經變遷,抑或記者之定義已然重塑。」
Vaccaro is firmly convinced that this code of ethics, having been rendered into numerous languages, will undoubtedly be adhered to by a great many individuals.
瓦卡羅篤信,這部業經譯為多種語言的規範,必將為眾多人士所恪遵。
He further remarked that the bulletin board within the newsroom has now metamorphosed into the entire cosmos.
他進而言道,新聞編輯室內那方佈告欄,如今已然化身為整個寰宇。
"We could never presuppose that this artifact would go unnoticed, or that it would fail to elicit concern, nor would we assume that journalism has undergone such a cataclysmic transformation as to render it utterly inconsequential," Vaccaro remarked.
「我們絕無可能預設此物無人問津,抑或無人關切,更不會假定新聞業已歷經如此天翻地覆之變革,以致其淪為無足輕重之存在,」瓦卡羅言道。
"Its significance is, in truth, self-evident."
「其重要性,實乃不言而喻。」
Deggs expounded that he instructs two courses in ethics, both of which place the SPJ code at the very heart of their curriculum.
德格斯闡述道,他執教兩門倫理學課程,而這兩門課程皆以SPJ規範為研習之核心。
Yet the pivotal utility of this code extends far beyond the cultivation of fledgling journalists.
然而,此規範之關鍵效用遠不止於培育初出茅廬的記者。
"If you find yourself in a nation long subjected to authoritarian rule, or one devoid of a robust tradition of press freedom, how are you to discern the proper course of action?
「倘若你身處一個長期施行威權統治、或缺乏深厚新聞自由傳統的國度,你該如何釐清運作之道?
In such circumstances, you would invoke the SPJ code, would you not?"
屆時,你便會援引SPJ規範,對吧?」
Others concurred: "I earnestly hope that the helmsmen of certain news organizations will peruse this code, for they repeatedly exert pressure on their subordinates, compelling them to engage in ethically dubious practices, while these employees must, in addition to upholding the tenets of journalistic integrity, strive assiduously to meet their employers' expectations."
還有其他人:「我殷切期盼若干新聞機構的掌舵者能審閱這份規範,因為他們屢屢對旗下員工施加壓力,迫使其從事違背倫理的行徑,而員工必須在恪守新聞專業操守之餘,同時竭力迎合僱主的期許。」