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US retailers adopt AI-assisted pricing, fuelling growing consumer concern

US retailers adopt AI-assisted pricing, fuelling growing consumer concern

C2🇹🇼 中文 → 🇺🇸 English

October 19th, 2026

US retailers adopt AI-assisted pricing, fuelling growing consumer concern

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Please note: This article has been simplified for language learning purposes. Some context and nuance from the original text may have been modified or removed.

🇺🇸 English

American consumers are not merely deeply frustrated by high prices; they are also angry and bewildered by the increasingly high-tech methods that chain restaurants and large retailers employ to set those prices.

美國消費者不僅對高物價深感沮喪,對於連鎖餐廳與大型零售商用來制定這些價格的日益高科技化手段,更感到憤怒與困惑。

On grocery store shelves, digital price tags are rapidly supplanting their paper counterparts.

在雜貨店的貨架上,數位價格標籤正迅速取代紙質標籤。

Artificial intelligence tools assist companies in setting their pricing by anticipating how customers are likely to react.

人工智慧工具藉由預測顧客可能作出的反應,協助企業釐定收費標準。

Terms such as "dynamic pricing" and "surveillance pricing" have stirred anxiety on social media, prompting users to question whether different people are being charged different prices for the same product.

「動態定價」與「監控定價」等詞彙在社群媒體上引發焦慮,用戶因而質疑,是否不同的人對同一產品被收取了不同的價格。

Americans have long been accustomed to fluctuating prices when booking flights, hotel rooms and ride-hailing services; yet the prospect that everyday purchases may be shaped by algorithms they do not understand, and by personal data they may not realise they are sharing, has struck a genuine nerve.

美國人早已習於在預訂機票、飯店客房與叫車之際價格浮動不定;然而,日常消費或由他們所不解的演算法,以及他們或許未曾意識到自己正予以分享的個人數據所形塑——此一前景著實觸動了人們的神經。

Katie Thomas, who heads the consumer-behavior think tank at the management consultancy Kearney, said: "A major tension is brewing, and at its heart lies the question of who will truly command these algorithms and the power inherent in the deployment of bots and artificial intelligence — corporations, or shoppers."

管理顧問公司科爾尼(Kearney)內部消費者行為智庫負責人凱蒂·托馬斯(Katie Thomas)表示:「當前正醞釀著一場重大緊張關係,其核心在於:究竟誰將真正掌握這些演算法,以及機器人與人工智慧運用中的權力——是企業,抑或購物者。」

Companies that have adopted the technology say that some of the concerns actually stem from a misunderstanding of how their pricing tools work.

採用該技術的企業表示,部分疑慮實則源自對其定價工具運作機制的誤解。

In a blog post last month, Walmart CEO John Furner asserted that digital price tags not only free up time for staff but also keep prices up to date.

沃爾瑪執行長約翰·弗納(John Furner)上個月於一篇部落格文章中指陳,數位價格標籤不僅為員工騰出時間,亦使價格得以維持於最新狀態。

He stressed that these tags are not intended to raise prices based on the weather, the time of day, or the individual shopper.

他強調,這些標籤並非用以依據天氣、一日中的時段或個別購物者來調漲價格。

Furner wrote: "What we price is the product, not the person."

弗納寫道:「我們所定價者,乃產品,而非人也。」

However, companies are not invariably transparent about the customer data they collect and how it is used, a phenomenon that consequently breeds consumer suspicion and gives rise to considerable speculation.

然而,企業對其所蒐集的客戶數據及相關使用方式,並非始終保持透明,此一現象遂令消費者心生疑慮並引發諸多揣測。

By way of illustration, Thomas notes that social media posts once erroneously insinuated that the electronic shelf labels Walmart intended to install in all of its stores across the United States would scan shoppers' faces or mobile phones in order to set individualized prices.

舉例而言,托馬斯指出,社群媒體貼文曾錯誤地暗示,沃爾瑪計劃於其全美所有門市設置的電子貨架標籤,將掃描購物者的臉部或手機,藉此設定個別化價格。

Legislators and regulators are beginning to take action.

立法者與監管機構正著手採取行動。

According to data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, lawmakers in at least 30 states have considered pricing bills this year, including measures targeting algorithmic pricing and personalised pricing.

根據全國州議會會議的數據,至少30個州的立法者今年審議了定價法案,其中包括針對演算法定價與個人化定價的措施。

The Federal Trade Commission has issued an enforcement policy warning that companies which fail to disclose their use of personal data to implement individualized pricing may risk running afoul of consumer protection law.

聯邦貿易委員會業已頒布執法政策,警示企業倘未披露其運用個人數據以實施個別化定價之情事,恐有觸犯消費者保護法之虞。

The following are several examples of pricing practices and technologies that have come under scrutiny.

以下乃若干受審查之定價做法與技術之例。

What is dynamic pricing? Dynamic pricing denotes the adjustment of prices in accordance with continuously fluctuating market conditions, such as supply and demand.

何謂動態定價:動態定價係指依據持續變動之市場條件(諸如供需)而調整價格。

Airlines' practice of revising fares as departure time draws nearer constitutes an application of dynamic pricing.

航空公司隨起飛時刻漸近而更動票價,即為動態定價之運用。

Uber's practice of raising fares whenever demand outstrips the available supply of drivers—during peak hours, for instance—is a form of dynamic pricing known as surge pricing.

優步於需求超出可用司機供給之際(例如尖峰時段)調漲車資之作法,乃動態定價之一種,稱之為高峰定價。

Why it matters: frequent price fluctuations affect far more than just food.

為何重要:頻繁的價格變動所波及的遠不止於食品。

The web data company Decodo tracked price changes in 2025 across a wide range of products, from electronics to clothing and even home improvement supplies.

網路數據公司Decodo追蹤了2025年從電子產品到服裝乃至家居裝修用品等各類產品的價格變化。

Gabriele Vitke, a senior product marketing manager, said that roughly half of the US price changes recorded were in fact price cuts—a phenomenon that runs directly counter to the widespread consumer assumption that dynamic pricing only drives prices up.

資深產品行銷經理加布里埃萊·維特克(Gabriele Vitke)表示,在其所記錄的美國價格變化中,約有半數實為降價,此一現象與消費者普遍認定動態定價只會推高價格的假設恰恰相反。

What is an electronic shelf label? It is a digital display device that enables stores to update shelf prices by electronic means, without the need to replace paper labels.

何謂電子貨架標籤:此乃一種數位顯示裝置,使商店得以電子化手段更新貨架價格,而毋須更換紙質標籤。

Why it matters: Electronic price tags have long been in practical use in Europe and Asia, and as they gradually extend to major American retailers such as Walmart and Whole Foods, they are attracting ever-growing attention.

為何重要:電子價格標籤在歐洲與亞洲早已付諸實用,而隨著其逐步擴展至沃爾瑪、全食超市等美國主要零售商,正日益引發矚目。

Consumer advocates contend that electronic tags may ultimately be deployed for surge pricing or personalised pricing.

消費者倡導者認為,電子標籤最終恐將被用於高峰定價或個人化定價。

Trade unions, too, have adopted an opposing stance towards this technology.

工會亦對這項技術抱持反對立場。

While electronic shelf labels undoubtedly make frequent price changes more convenient, they do not necessarily lead to higher prices during periods of strong demand.

電子貨架標籤固然使頻繁變價更為便捷,卻未必會在需求強勁時期導致價格上漲。

Asa Farquhar of the retail technology company Relex Solutions points out that retailers typically update electronic shelf prices on a regular schedule (generally weekly), given that shoppers value consistency.

零售技術公司Relex Solutions的Asa Farquhar指出,零售商通常按定期時間表(一般為每週)更新電子貨架價格,蓋因購物者重視一致性。

After tracking prices at an unnamed grocery chain, researchers found that following the introduction of the labels there was "virtually no peak pricing."

研究人員追蹤一家未具名雜貨連鎖店的價格後發現,引入標籤後「幾乎沒有高峰定價」。

Farquhar remarked: "To this day, in the grocery and general merchandise sectors, practices such as the round-the-clock dynamic pricing employed by airlines or ride-hailing apps are exceedingly rare."

Farquhar表示:「時至今日,在雜貨及一般商品領域,諸如航空公司或叫車應用那般全天候浮動定價的做法,實屬鳳毛麟角。」

What is personalised pricing? Personalised pricing refers to the practice of offering customers differentiated prices and discounts based on their geographic location, income level, web-browsing habits, and other information pertaining to that individual or group of shoppers.

何謂個人化定價:個人化定價係指依據顧客所處地理位置、收入水平、網頁瀏覽習性,以及與該個人或購物者群體相關之其他資訊,向顧客提供有別之價格與折扣。

Some advocacy groups and regulatory bodies, however, use the term "surveillance pricing" to denote this very same practice.

部分倡議團體及監管機構則以「監控定價」一詞指稱同一做法。

Why this matters: it remains unclear just how extensively companies deploy personal information to tailor pricing.

為何此事至關重要:企業究竟在多廣泛的範疇內運用個人資訊以量身定價,目前仍不明朗。

A report issued by Federal Trade Commission staff in January 2025 found that intermediaries offering customizable pricing and promotional tools had at least 250 client companies, spanning grocery and apparel retailers.

聯邦貿易委員會工作人員於2025年1月發布的報告發現,提供可定制定價與促銷工具的中介機構,其合作客戶至少達250家,涵蓋雜貨與服裝零售商。

Legislators in Maryland, New Jersey and Connecticut have recently enacted regulations restricting the practice of using shoppers' personal data to determine the prices they should pay.

馬里蘭州、新澤西州與康乃狄克州之立法者近期頒布法規,限制以購物者個人數據裁定其應付價格之做法。

The laws in Maryland and New Jersey focus on the grocery sector, albeit with exceptions for certain loyalty discounts and other promotional offers; Connecticut's legislation, by contrast, covers a considerably broader range of retail purchases.

馬里蘭州及新澤西州之法律側重於雜貨範疇,惟對特定忠誠度折扣及其他促銷優惠設有例外;康乃狄克州之立法則涵蓋更為廣泛之零售購買行為。

California prosecutors have been suing Target since 2022, alleging that the retailer's app displayed lower prices before shoppers set foot in the store, only to raise them once they had entered.

加州檢察官自2022年起對Target提起訴訟,指控該零售商的應用程式於購物者踏入店門前所顯示的價格較低,卻在彼等進店之後予以調高。

Target has agreed to pay a $5 million settlement and has pledged to cease deploying so-called "geofencing" technology, thereby eliminating any practice of using it to inflate prices.

Target已同意支付500萬美元和解金,並承諾不再動用所謂的「地理圍欄」技術,以杜絕藉此抬高價格之舉。

Target stated that the controversial app feature was intended to "provide guests with accurate pricing, which may vary across different stores and channels."

Target表示,該具爭議性的應用程式功能旨在「為客人提供準確的定價,不同商店和通路的價格可能有所不同」。

The retailer asserted that it does not personalize prices based on guests' data or behavior, and that it remains "committed to clear, transparent pricing."

該零售商聲稱,其並未依據客人的數據或行為來個人化價格,且依然「致力於清晰、透明的定價」。

A discrepancy in pricing does not necessarily imply that personal data has been exploited.

價格的差異未必意味著個人數據遭到了使用。

Last year, a joint investigation conducted by Consumer Reports, the Groundwork Collaborative, and More Perfect Union revealed that shoppers on Instacart were shown divergent prices for identical products at the same store.

去年,消費者報告、Groundwork Collaborative與More Perfect Union聯合開展的一項調查揭示,Instacart上的購物者在同一商店選購相同產品時,被顯示以不同的價格。

Instacart subsequently discontinued what it described as a test — one that randomly assigned shoppers to different groups rather than setting prices on the basis of their personal information.

Instacart隨後終止了其所謂的測試——該測試係將購物者隨機分配至不同群組,而非依據其個人信息設定價格。

What is algorithmic pricing? Algorithmic pricing is a mechanism that employs software to recommend or automatically set prices.

何謂演算法定價:演算法定價乃運用軟體以推薦或自動設定價格之機制。

Businesses have been adopting such systems for several decades.

企業採用此類系統已歷數十載。

Artificial intelligence can help software discern patterns embedded in sales data, competitors' prices, and other information, thereby forecasting demand and estimating how different prices will affect sales and profits.

人工智慧得以協助軟體辨識銷售、競爭對手價格及其他資訊中所蘊含之模式,藉以預測需求,並推估不同價格將如何影響銷售與利潤。

Such tools can support dynamic pricing and personalised pricing.

此等工具可支援動態定價與個人化定價。

Why it matters: it remains unclear how extensively retailers deploy AI-assisted pricing, yet research indicates that firms across a wide range of industries are adopting this technology.

為何重要:零售商在多廣泛的範疇內運用人工智慧輔助定價,目前尚不明確,惟研究顯示,各行各業的企業均正採用此技術。

The global consultancy Simon-Kucher conducted a survey last year of more than 2,200 business leaders across 28 countries and 39 industries, in which 41% of respondents said they use artificial intelligence software to gather market intelligence, including competitors' prices; a further 28% said they use it for "real-time price optimisation".

全球諮詢公司Simon-Kucher於去年對28個國家、39個行業的2,200多名企業領導人展開調查,其中41%受訪者表示,彼等運用人工智慧軟體蒐集市場情報,涵蓋競爭對手之價格;另有28%則稱將其用於「即時價格優化」。

Price optimisation refers to setting prices that are sufficient to advance business objectives, such as boosting profits, attracting shoppers or clearing slow-moving stock.

所謂價格優化,係指擇定足以推進業務目標(諸如增益利潤、招徠購物者或清理滯銷商品)之價格。

The National Retail Federation, which represents businesses both large and small, contends that algorithmic pricing is simply a novel manifestation of what retailers have always done: continuously monitoring and adjusting prices in response to supply and demand, seasonality, competitors' pricing, and other factors.

代表大小商店的全國零售聯合會表示,演算法定價無非是零售商一貫所為的嶄新體現:依據供需、季節性、競爭對手定價及其他因素,持續監控並調整價格。

Several lawsuits allege that the company engaged in anticompetitive conduct by deploying pricing algorithms.

若干訴訟指控該公司藉由運用定價演算法從事破壞競爭之行為。

The Federal Trade Commission's 2023 antitrust lawsuit against Amazon calls into question practices such as an algorithmic tool code-named "Project Nessie."

聯邦貿易委員會於2023年對亞馬遜提起之反壟斷訴訟,對諸如代號「Nessie計劃」之演算法工具等行徑提出質疑。

The agency alleges that Amazon used the tool to identify products on which it could raise prices and that rivals would likely follow suit, thereby generating more than $1 billion in excess profits.

該機構指控亞馬遜藉由該工具甄別得以提價、且競爭對手或將跟進之產品,從而締造逾10億美元之過剩利潤。

The trial has been scheduled to take place next year.

審判業已排定於來年進行。

Amazon, for its part, contends that the Federal Trade Commission's allegations "grossly misrepresent" the pricing tool.

亞馬遜方面則指陳,聯邦貿易委員會之指控「嚴重歪曲」了該定價工具。

The e-commerce giant stated that "Project Nessie" was designed to curb the unsustainable low prices resulting from retail price-matching practices.

這家電子商務巨頭表示,「Nessie計劃」旨在遏止零售價格匹配做法所導致的不可持續低價。

Amazon said it had tested the tool for several years, but as it failed to deliver the anticipated results, the company scrapped it before the federal agency filed suit.

亞馬遜表示,該公司已對這項工具進行了數年測試,惟其成效未如預期,遂於聯邦機構提起訴訟之前將其廢棄。

A recent consumer lawsuit against McDonald's alleges that the company's pricing system appropriated competitors' non-public sales data in order to coordinate prices.

近期一樁針對麥當勞的消費者訴訟指控,該公司之定價系統挪用競爭對手之非公開銷售數據以協調價格。

The Chicago-headquartered burger giant said the lawsuit is "riddled with inaccuracies," and stated that the company provides the tool to its US franchisees with the aim of helping them set prices at their respective restaurants.

這家總部設於芝加哥的漢堡業巨擘表示,該訴訟「充滿不準確之處」,並稱公司向美國加盟商提供該工具,旨在協助其在各自餐廳設定價格。

October 19th, 2026

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