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Two American economists win the Nobel Prize for research on managing economic shocks

Two American economists win the Nobel Prize for research on managing economic shocks

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October 12th, 2026

Two American economists win the Nobel Prize for research on managing economic shocks

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Please note: This article has been simplified for language learning purposes. Some context and nuance from the original text may have been modified or removed.

🇺🇸 English

On Monday, American economists Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford were jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in recognition of the models they developed — models that help governments and central banks respond to economic shocks such as energy crises and inflation.

美国经济学家罗伯特·E·霍尔和迈克尔·伍德福德于周一共同荣获诺贝尔经济学纪念奖,以表彰他们开发的模型——这些模型有助于政府和央行应对能源危机、通货膨胀等经济冲击。

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the winners in Stockholm, noting that their research laid the theoretical foundation for a better understanding of how consumers decide whether to save or spend, and that these insights have made it easier for policymakers worldwide to stabilize the economy after fluctuations.

瑞典皇家科学院在斯德哥尔摩公布了获奖者,并指出他们的研究为更好地理解消费者如何决定储蓄还是消费奠定了理论基础,这些洞见使全球政策制定者更容易在经济波动后稳定经济。

In a document explaining the research findings of these two economists, the Nobel Committee wrote that the laureates' work has made it possible to manage major macroeconomic crises more effectively than before.

诺贝尔委员会在阐述这两位经济学家研究成果的文件中写道,获奖者的研究让比以往更有效地管理重大宏观经济危机成为可能。

"This has brought enormous benefits both during the pandemic and in the energy crises of recent years."

“这在疫情期间以及近年来的能源危机中都带来了巨大的益处。”

Hall, now 83 years old, is employed at Stanford University in California; Woodford, who was born in 1955, works at Columbia University in New York.

现年83岁的霍尔受聘于加利福尼亚州斯坦福大学;伍德福德则出生于1955年,供职于纽约哥伦比亚大学。

Speaking to the committee by telephone from New York, Woodford said: "This is undoubtedly a tremendous honour. It came as a complete surprise."

伍德福德在纽约通过电话向委员会表示:“这无疑是莫大的荣誉。这完全是一个惊喜。”

Hall likewise remarked that the award could be described as a "wonderful surprise."

霍尔同样指出,该奖项堪称一份“美妙的惊喜”。

"Throughout my entire career, I have tried to understand how the economy works, following interesting questions wherever they may lead.

“我整个职业生涯都在试图理解经济如何运作,跟随有趣的问题,无论它们引向何方。

When I believe I have a new idea, the next step is to figure out whether it is truly new, whether it is correct, and whether it matters," he said in a statement released by Stanford University.

当我认为自己有了一个新想法时,下一步就是弄清楚它是否真的是新的,是否正确,以及是否重要,”他在斯坦福大学发布的一份声明中说。

For decades, governments have followed the prescription that the British economist John Maynard Keynes set out during the Great Depression for responding to economic shocks: intervening in the economy by cutting interest rates and taxes and increasing government spending, thereby encouraging consumers and businesses to spend and invest, and helping to restart growth.

几十年来,各国政府一直遵循英国经济学家约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯在大萧条时期开出的处方来应对经济冲击:通过降低利率和税收、增加政府支出来干预经济,从而鼓励消费者和企业消费和投资,帮助重启增长。

"This is the Keynesian recipe, and it worked—until it stopped working," said Timo Boppart of the Nobel Prize Committee for Economics.

“这是凯恩斯主义的配方,它曾行之有效——直至不再奏效,”诺贝尔经济学委员会的蒂莫·博帕特说。

Policymakers once believed that economic management was simply a matter of making straightforward trade-offs between various objectives — for instance, that when inflation was high, unemployment would remain low, and that once inflation fell, unemployment would rise.

政策制定者曾认为,经济管理不过是在若干目标之间进行简单的取舍——比如,通胀高企时失业率会维持在低位,而通胀一旦回落,失业率便会上升。

However, the "stagflation" of the 1970s — when the world economy experienced high inflation and high unemployment at the same time — proved that this formula was overly simplistic.

然而,1970年代的“滞胀”——世界经济同时经历高通胀和高失业——证明这一公式过于简单化。

Some economists argue that attempts by the government to intervene in the economy are doomed to fail.

一些经济学家主张,政府干预经济的尝试注定失败。

However, Hall and Woodford each made their own contributions, setting out to improve the Keynesian model so as to incorporate how consumers and firms actually decide whether to invest and spend.

然而,霍尔和伍德福德各自作出贡献,着手改进凯恩斯模型,以纳入消费者和企业实际上如何决定是否投资和消费的因素。

"Economic outcomes are the result of millions of decisions made by households and firms at the micro level," the Nobel Committee wrote.

“经济结果是家庭和企业在微观层面做出的数百万项决策的结果,”诺贝尔委员会写道。

By using models based on this approach, rather than simply studying the economy from a macro perspective as if from a bird's-eye view, the research of Hall and Woodford "sparked a paradigm shift in the theory of stabilization policy."

“使用基于这种方法的模型,而不是像鸟瞰一样简单地从宏观角度研究经济,”霍尔和伍德福德的研究“在稳定政策理论中引发了范式转变。”

Hall examined how consumers' decisions about whether to spend and how much to spend depend on their expectations of future income.

霍尔探讨了消费者关于是否消费以及消费多少的决策如何取决于他们对未来收入的预期。

"If they are optimistic, their consumer spending will be higher than when they are pessimistic," the committee wrote.

“倘若他们持乐观态度,其消费支出便会高于悲观之时,”委员会如此写道。

However, as new information about the economic situation keeps emerging, consumer expectations may shift unexpectedly.

然而,随着有关经济形势的新信息不断涌现,消费者预期可能出人意料地发生转变。

Hall found that predicting future consumer spending is nearly impossible.

霍尔发现,要预测未来的消费者支出几乎是不可能的。

The notion that consumption is fundamentally unpredictable "is not good news for forecasters or policymakers," Olivier Blanchard, who served as chief economist of the International Monetary Fund during the 2008 financial crisis, said in an email.

消费基本上不可预测这一观点“对预测者或政策制定者来说不是好消息,”曾在2008年金融危机期间担任国际货币基金组织首席经济学家的奥利维尔·布兰查德通过电子邮件表示。

"But it is news they must take into account when thinking about the effects of policy."

“但这是他们在思考政策效果时必须考虑的消息。”

Hall also explored the idea that some households are in such dire financial straits that they cannot respond to economic changes by borrowing or drawing on their savings.

霍尔还探讨了这样一种观点:部分家庭的财务状况极为拮据,以至于无法通过借贷或动用储蓄来应对经济变化。

In a 1982 paper co-authored with the economist Frederic Mishkin, Hall found that about 80% of households base their spending decisions on expectations about the future, "while the remaining households just get by," the committee wrote.

在1982年与经济学家弗雷德里克·米什金合著的一篇论文中,霍尔发现约80%的家庭根据对未来预期的做出支出决策,“而其余家庭则勉强度日,”委员会写道。

"The research honored by this award has advanced our understanding of macroeconomics from the bottom up, starting from the perspective of how households and firms make forward-looking decisions over time," said Ivan Werning, an economist at MIT, in an email.

“该奖项所表彰的研究,从家庭与企业如何随时间推移前瞻性地做出决策这一视角出发,自下而上地推进了我们对宏观经济学的理解,”麻省理工学院经济学家伊万·韦尔宁在电子邮件中表示。

Woodford's research established that firms set their pricing decisions based on their own judgments about the future direction of interest rates.

伍德福德的研究确立了企业会依据自身对未来利率走向的判断来制定定价决策。

The Nobel Committee wrote: "If a firm expects both its competitors' prices and its own costs to rise, then setting a higher price becomes the optimal choice, compared with the situation under the opposite expectation.

诺贝尔委员会写道:“倘若企业预期其竞争对手的价格与自身成本均将攀升,那么相较于相反预期下的情形,设定更高的价格便成为最优选择。

It follows that a firm's decisions are likewise governed by its expectations."

由此可见,企业的决策同样受其预期所左右。”

Therefore, central banks responsible for setting short-term interest rates, such as the US Federal Reserve, should provide "clear and credible communication about how they reason and what they plan to do."

因此,像美国联邦储备委员会这类负责设定短期利率的央行,应当提供“关于它们如何推理以及计划做什么的清晰可信的沟通”。

Central banks have responded to this insight by making greater efforts to explain their actions.

央行已通过更努力地解释其行动来回应这一洞见。

Kevin Warsh, the newly appointed Federal Reserve chair, has said that this trend of "forward guidance" has gone too far.

新任美联储主席凯文·沃什曾表示,这种“前瞻性指引”的趋势已走得太远。

He is trying to scale back the US central bank's communication about its thinking and intentions.

他正试图缩减美国央行关于其想法和意图的沟通。

Woodford's research also offers guidance on how central banks should respond to energy price shocks — such as the one that followed the US and Israeli strikes on Iran in February — which can drive up both inflation and unemployment.

伍德福德的研究还为央行应如何应对能源价格冲击提供了指导——例如2月美国和以色列袭击伊朗后出现的那种冲击——这类冲击既可能推高通胀,也可能推高失业率。

"Unlike the traditional Keynesian model, Woodford's model advocates cooling measures, such as raising interest rates, in order to avert runaway inflation," the Nobel Committee wrote.

“与传统凯恩斯模型不同,伍德福德的模型主张采取降温措施,比如提高利率,以避免失控的通货膨胀,”诺贝尔委员会写道。

"His insights have made it possible to respond to recent supply shocks more effectively than was the case during the oil crisis of the 1970s."

“他的洞见使得比1970年代石油危机期间更有效地应对近期供给冲击成为可能。”

In a telephone call played at a news conference, Woodford said his work highlighted "an understanding of the people in markets and the people who make spending decisions."

在新闻发布会上播放的一段电话通话中,伍德福德表示,他的工作突显了“对市场中的人以及做出支出决策的人的理解”。

The official name of the economics prize is the "Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel."

该经济学奖的正式名称是“瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖”。

The central bank established this prize in 1968 in memory of Nobel — the 19th-century Swedish businessman and chemist who invented dynamite and founded the five Nobel Prizes.

该央行于1968年设立此奖,以纪念诺贝尔——这位19世纪的瑞典商人和化学家发明了炸药,并设立了五项诺贝尔奖。

Purists of the Nobel Prize stress that the economics award is not, strictly speaking, a Nobel Prize, yet it is always presented alongside the other prizes on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death in 1896.

诺贝尔奖纯粹主义者强调,经济学奖严格来说并非诺贝尔奖,但它总是在12月10日——诺贝尔1896年逝世纪念日——与其他奖项一同颁发。

Last week, the Nobel Prizes gradually revealed the winners in medicine, physics, chemistry, literature, and peace.

诺贝尔奖于上周陆续揭晓了医学、物理学、化学、文学及和平奖的获奖名单。

Monday's award marks the second time this year that a Stanford University professor has won a Nobel Prize.

周一的奖项是今年斯坦福大学教授第二次获得诺贝尔奖。

Dr. Karl Deisseroth shared the medicine prize with Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for research that led to a tool using light to help reveal how the brain works.

卡尔·戴斯罗思博士与彼得·黑格曼和格奥尔格·纳格尔共同获得医学奖,他们的研究促成了一项利用光来帮助揭示大脑运作方式的工具。

This year, the total prize money amounts to 12 million Swedish kronor (approximately 1.2 million US dollars), and it can be awarded to individuals as well as to small groups or organizations.

本年度奖金总额为1200万瑞典克朗(约合120万美元),其颁发对象既可以是个人,亦可以是小团体或组织。

October 12th, 2026

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