In short, the renewed fighting in the Middle East has once again driven oil prices higher.
簡言之,中東重燃的戰火再度推高了油價。
Moreover, there are signs that the economy is continuing to grow at a steady pace, even though inflation remains stubbornly high.
此外,有跡象顯示,儘管通膨依然頑固地居高不下,經濟仍以穩健的步伐持續成長。
Together, these three factors appear to have pushed the committee to shift from a wait-and-see stance to decisive action.
這三項因素似乎共同促使委員會從觀望模式轉向果斷行動。
However, this move by the Fed does not necessarily mean that Americans will face significantly higher costs for mortgages or other borrowing in the short term, because financial markets appear to have confidence in the Fed's determination to fight inflation.
然而,聯準會此舉未必代表美國人短期內將為房貸或其他借貸承擔顯著更高的成本,因為金融市場似乎對聯準會抗擊通膨的決心抱持信心。
On Thursday, the yield on 10-year US Treasury bonds even edged slightly lower, which is very likely a sign that investors' concerns about inflation have eased.
週四,10年期美國公債殖利率甚至略微走低,這很可能是投資人對通膨憂慮緩解的跡象。
The Fed's rate hike "eased concerns about whether the Fed was serious about stubborn inflation," said Oscar Munoz, head of U.S. economic research at TD Securities.
聯準會升息「緩解了外界對聯準會是否認真看待頑固通膨的擔憂」,道明證券美國經濟研究主管奧斯卡·穆尼奧斯表示。
"It also eased concerns about whether they were prepared to act — not just talk the talk, but actually follow through."
「也緩解了對他們是否準備好採取行動的擔憂——不只是嘴上說說,而是真正付諸行動。」
The Fed raised the short-term interest rate under its control in order to slow down borrowing and spending and, ideally, to cool inflation.
聯準會調高其控制的短期利率,以減緩借貸與支出,並理想上讓通膨降溫。
The Fed's rate can influence longer-term costs such as mortgage rates, but the Fed does not directly control these costs.
聯準會的利率可以影響房貸利率等較長期的成本,但聯準會並不直接控制這些成本。
For several months, Federal Reserve officials have been deliberating over whether the rise in oil and gasoline prices triggered by the war in Iran would have only a fleeting impact on inflation.
數個月來,聯準會官員持續思量:伊朗戰爭引發的油價與汽油價格上漲,是否僅會對通膨造成短暫衝擊。
If that were the case, raising interest rates might not be entirely justified: by the time higher borrowing costs began to weigh on the economy, the gasoline price shock could already be over, and inflation would subside on its own back to the Fed's 2% target.
若然如此,升息或許不盡合理:等到較高借貸成本開始拖慢經濟時,汽油價格衝擊可能已經結束,通膨也會自行回落至聯準會2%的目標。
Meanwhile, petrol prices have been climbing steadily; according to AAA data, they reached $4.44 per gallon on Thursday, which is 38 cents higher than a month ago.
與此同時,汽油價格呈現持續穩步攀升之勢;根據AAA的數據,週四已達到每加侖4.44美元,較一個月前高出38美分。
As for diesel prices, they have hit a record high of $6.40 per gallon, a development that is bound to drive up the transport costs of many kinds of goods.
至於柴油價格,則已創下每加侖6.40美元的歷史新高,此一發展勢必推高眾多種類商品的運輸成本。
Whenever the Federal Reserve raises interest rates, it sparks fears that higher borrowing costs will eventually weigh heavily on the economy and cause a recession.
每當聯準會升息,都會引發擔憂,認為較高的借貸成本最終將嚴重拖累經濟,導致衰退。
However, Warsh stressed that the economy is healthy and continues to grow despite repeated blows such as rising gasoline prices, tariffs, and higher interest rates.
然而沃什強調,經濟狀況健康,儘管一再遭受汽油價格上漲、關稅和較高利率等打擊,仍持續成長。
"Our decision was made at a time when the US economy appears to be strengthening," Warsh said.
「我們的決定是在美國經濟似乎正在增強的時刻做出的,」沃什說。
"New hiring, private-sector earnings, and corporate capital investment — these indicators have all improved in recent months and are moving in a positive direction."
「新增招聘、私部門收益、企業資本投資——這些指標近幾個月來都有改善,而且正朝好的方向發展。」
Although the economy may be showing signs of acceleration, stubborn inflation has eroded Americans' take-home pay.
雖然經濟可能正顯示加速的跡象,但頑固的通膨已削弱了美國人的實得薪資。
On a year-over-year basis, inflation has now been rising faster than average earnings for five consecutive months, making it harder for Americans to afford essentials such as petrol, food and rent.
以年增率來看,通膨現已連續五個月比平均收入漲得更快,讓美國人更難負擔汽油、食物和房租等必需品。
On Wednesday evening, President Donald Trump once again attacked the Federal Reserve and called for a substantial cut in interest rates, yet he did not launch any attack on Warsh — whom he had appointed as chairman only earlier this year.
週三晚間,總統唐納·川普再度抨擊聯準會,並呼籲大幅降低利率,卻未對沃什展開攻擊——他今年稍早才任命沃什為主席。
This stands in stark contrast to Warsh's predecessor, Jerome Powell, who was the target of repeated personal attacks by Trump and was also subjected to a criminal investigation, which was later dropped.
這與沃什的前任傑羅姆·鮑爾形成鮮明對比;鮑爾曾是川普反覆人身攻擊的對象,還遭到刑事調查,該調查後來被撤銷。
"This committee is extremely hostile. They are highly politicized. They are making bad decisions. They are nothing but a bunch of politicians," Trump said, referring to the 12 Fed officials on the central bank's rate-setting committee.
「這個委員會極度敵對。他們高度政治化。他們正在做出錯誤的決策。他們無非是一群政客,」川普在談及央行利率制定委員會的12位聯準會官員時如此表示。
"They raise rates for no reason other than to make Trump do as badly as possible."
「他們升息,無非是為了讓川普盡可能做得越糟越好。」
However, economists argue that Trump's criticism does not hold up.
然而,經濟學家卻認為川普的批評站不住腳。
They point out that, aside from the Fed, the surge in long-term interest rates over the past two months can be attributed to multiple factors.
他們指出,除了聯準會之外,過去兩個月長期利率的飆升還可歸因於多重因素。
For example, the 10-year US Treasury yield, which has a strong influence on mortgage rates, broke through 5% this week for the first time since 2023.
舉例而言,10年期美國公債對房貸利率具有強烈影響,本週更突破5%,為2023年以來首見。
Meanwhile, the weekly average rate for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages climbed to just under 7%, the highest level in more than 19 months.
與此同時,30年期固定利率房貸的每週平均利率攀升至略低於7%,創下超過19個月以來的最高水準。
The surge in investment in artificial intelligence data centers has also driven up borrowing costs, as major technology companies have issued hundreds of billions of dollars in bonds to finance construction.
人工智慧資料中心投資的激增,也推高了借貸成本,因為大型科技公司發行了數千億美元的債券來為建設融資。
This flood of bonds has also pushed interest rates higher.
債券的洪流也推高了利率。
However, Warsh did not mention another factor pushing up interest rates that many economists have pointed to: the huge and ever-growing US government debt, which recently surpassed 40 trillion dollars and increased sharply during Trump's time in office.
然而,沃什並未提及許多經濟學家所指出的另一項推升利率的因素:龐大且持續累積的美國政府債務,該債務近期突破40兆美元,並在川普任內大幅增長。
He also did not mention tariffs, something his predecessor Powell frequently emphasised.
他也未提及關稅,而這是他的前任鮑爾經常強調的事。