Over the past two years, however, delays in federal funding and anxiety about the future had prompted her to pack her entire life into boxes.
然而,在过去两年间,联邦拨款的迟滞以及对前景的忧惧促使她将生活尽数打包入箱。
She relocated to Finland with her husband and daughter, continuing her research at the University of Helsinki—investigating how the fish, shellfish, and seaweed that humans consume are responding to climate change.
她偕同丈夫与女儿迁居芬兰,并在赫尔辛基大学延续其研究——探究人类所食用的鱼类、贝类与海藻如何应对气候变化。
Last year, as the Trump administration set about upending American scientific research, dismantling the federal grant-making process, and seeking to exert greater political influence over which projects received funding, foreign universities discerned an opportunity in the upheaval.
去年,当特朗普政府着手颠覆美国科学研究、瓦解联邦拨款流程,并试图对哪些项目获得资助施加更多政治影响之际,外国大学从中窥见了机遇。
One after another, they rolled out programmes designed to lure American researchers abroad, holding out the promise of steadier funding and academic freedom.
它们相继推出旨在吸引美国研究人员出国的项目,许诺更为稳定的资金流与学术自由。
Since then, a great many have fallen into the trap.
自那以后,众多人纷纷落入彀中。
Although the overall shift nationwide cannot be quantified, scientists, researchers and professional bodies alike say the transformation is unmistakable, unprecedented and deeply disquieting.
尽管无法对全国范围内的总体变化加以量化,但科学家、研究人员及专业团体均表示,此种转变显而易见、前所未有,且令人忧心。
“You could strike up a conversation with virtually any university’s vice president for research, and without exception they would tell you they have lost one or two of their top faculty members,” said Tobin Smith, senior vice president for government relations and public policy at the Association of American Universities.
“你几乎可以同任何一所大学的科研副校长攀谈,他们无一例外都会告诉你,他们失去了一两位顶尖教员,”美国大学协会政府关系与公共政策高级副总裁托宾·史密斯如是说。
Nevertheless, according to a report published in April by the Coalition for Federal Research Funding, scientists in more than half of the states in the US are being lured away by recruitment programmes run by other countries.
然而,根据联邦研究资助商业联盟4月发布的一份报告,美国逾半数州的科学家正被其他国家的招聘项目招揽而去。
In March last year, biomedical scientists in the early stages of their careers said that their likelihood of "now" staying in the United States had fallen by roughly 20 percentage points compared with how they recalled feeling six months earlier.
去年3月,处于职业生涯早期的生物医学科学家表示,他们“现在”留在美国的可能性,较之其回忆中六个月前的感受下降了约20个百分点。
According to separate figures from the American Physical Society, the proportion of physics PhD graduates leaving the United States in 2025 was the highest in three decades.
另据美国物理学会的数据,2025年离开美国的物理学博士毕业生比例创下30年来之最。
Countries such as Canada, France, Belgium and Finland are vying with one another to trumpet the talent they have lured away from American institutions.
加拿大、法国、比利时和芬兰等国正竞相宣扬其从美国机构延揽而来的人才。
Scientists say this turn of events is disquieting and deeply surprising for a country that stands head and shoulders above the rest of the world in Nobel Prizes for medicine, physics and chemistry.
科学家们表示,对于一个在医学、物理学和化学领域的诺贝尔奖上遥遥领先于世界的国家而言,这一事态发展令人不安且倍感意外。
"It was once the shining city on a hill that we all aspired to," said Christine Stovitz, who now works at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom.
“它曾是我们共同心向往之的山巅之城,”现供职于英国伯明翰大学的克里斯汀·斯托维茨表示。
"In my view, this loss of reputation, though hard to quantify, is profoundly damaging."
“我认为,此种声誉上的损失固然难以量化,却极具破坏性。”
Last year, Stovitz resigned from her position at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and moved to the UK to take up a role as a research software engineer.
斯托维茨去年辞去了美国国家海洋和大气管理局的职务,转而在英国出任研究软件工程师。
She candidly admitted that the agency no longer aligned with her values—a rift that became all the more difficult to bridge, particularly after she was instructed to remove references to climate change and to diversity, equity and inclusion from its website.
她坦言,该机构已不再契合她的价值观——尤其是在她被要求从网站上删除有关气候变化以及多样性、公平和包容主题的提法之后,这一裂痕愈发难以弥合。
She says the turmoil in American science has become a recurring topic at scientific conferences.
她表示,美国科学界的动荡已然成为科学会议上屡见不鲜的议题。
"Now, when I attend conferences in the UK, people talk about the US in a tone that seems to say—I have no idea what on earth is going on over there. The situation is deeply troubling," she says.
“如今在英国开会时,人们谈及美国,那口吻仿佛是——我无从知晓那里究竟发生了什么。局势堪忧,”她说。
The decision for Fröhlich to step down had been brewing gradually over the course of many years.
弗罗利希去职的决定是经年累月逐渐酝酿而成的。
At that time, the landscape of American scientific research was undergoing a disruptive reshaping, and she had long been deeply anxious about campus safety and gun violence in the country.
彼时,美国科研格局正经历颠覆性重塑,而她早已对国内校园安全与枪支暴力忧心忡忡。
Subsequently, at the University of California, Santa Barbara, her colleagues' research grants were repeatedly delayed or even revoked; student researchers burst into her office in tears, at a loss as to how to plan their own futures.
其后,在加州大学圣巴巴拉分校,她同事的科研拨款屡遭延宕乃至撤销;学生研究人员泪流满面地闯入她的办公室,茫然不知该如何规划自身的前程。
She could not help but worry whether her own research in the field of climate change would, in the future, be able to secure federal funding at all.
她不禁忧虑,自己涉足气候变化领域的研究,未来究竟能否获得联邦资助。
"The cumulative effect of these developments ultimately brought us to a very solemn realization—in my view, this is no longer our home," Fröhlich said.
“这些事情日积月累的效应,最终促使我们极为郑重地认识到——依我之见,这里已不再是我们的家了,”弗罗利希说道。
Recruited through a program run by the Finnish Research Council, she now holds guaranteed funding totaling roughly $3 million over five years.
她经由芬兰研究委员会的一项计划获得招募,如今拥有五年总计约300万美元的保证资助。
She has moved into an apartment in Helsinki overlooking the Baltic Sea and is currently taking Finnish language courses offered by the university.
她已迁入赫尔辛基濒临波罗的海的一套公寓,目前正在修读大学提供的芬兰语课程。
The married biologists James Letts and Maria Maldonado, having been recruited by Monash University in Australia, resigned from their posts at the University of California, Davis.
已婚生物学家詹姆斯·莱茨与玛丽亚·马尔多纳多受澳大利亚莫纳什大学延揽,遂辞去二人于加州大学戴维斯分校的教职。
Letts is Canadian by nationality, whereas Maldonado hails from Argentina.
莱茨系加拿大籍,马尔多纳多则出自阿根廷。
Both earned their doctorates in New York and have pursued scientific research in the United States for more than a decade.
二人皆于纽约取得博士学位,并在美国从事科研工作十余载。
"I merely want to do good science and make discoveries, but I equally want my work to be meaningful.
“我不过是想把科学做好、有所发现罢了,但我同样希望自己的工作富有意义。
Yet in America, the chances of achieving that seem exceedingly slim," Letts said.
然而在美国,要实现这一点,机会似乎极为渺茫,”莱茨说道。
In the United States, 40% of Nobel Prizes in the sciences are won by immigrants.
在美国,科学类诺贝尔奖中有40%由移民摘得。
Omar Yaghi, the 2025 Nobel laureate in chemistry, resigned his professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, this year and moved to Tsinghua University in China, where he heads an artificial intelligence laboratory.
2025年诺贝尔化学奖得主奥马尔·亚吉于今年辞去加州大学伯克利分校的教职,转赴中国清华大学,执掌一个人工智能实验室。
The United States remains a scientific powerhouse, home to research communities of formidable strength across the country and to institutions with resources ample enough to attract foreign scientists.
美国依然是一个科学强国,全国各地遍布着研究实力雄厚的研究社群,以及资源充裕、足以吸引外国科学家的机构。
Even if every European country were to throw open its doors, their combined capacity would be nowhere near sufficient to accommodate every American scientist.
即便每个欧洲国家都敞开大门,其总体承载能力也不足以容纳每一位美国科学家。
Yet the erosion of reputation and the drain of talent may not have run their course.
然而,声誉的侵蚀与人才的流失或许尚未画上句号。
According to a tracking tool jointly released by the State Democracy Center and the organization Grant Witness, the Trump administration has, since the outset of the president's second term, cut or frozen as much as $174 billion in federal grants.
据州联民主中心与Grant Witness组织联合发布的追踪工具显示,自总统第二任期伊始,特朗普政府已削减或冻结了高达1740亿美元的联邦拨款。
A proposed rule put forward by the Office of Management and Budget could confer upon political appointees greater discretion over future funding programs.
管理和预算办公室提出的一项拟议规则,或将赋予政治任命者对未来资助项目的更大裁量权。
A resolution passed by Congress, meanwhile, postpones the final determination on that rule until December.
国会通过的一项决议则将对该规则的最终定夺推迟至12月。
Scientists who have already departed, no less than those who remain in the United States, are deeply apprehensive about the situation they have left behind.
无论是已然离去的科学家,抑或仍滞留于美国的科学家,皆对遗留之局面深感忧虑。
They say the next generation of scientists will struggle as graduate programmes, funding and mentorship shrink—and it may take a decade or more before American science truly feels the impact.
他们表示,下一代科学家恐将因研究生项目、经费与指导的缩减而举步维艰——而美国科学事业真正感受到这些冲击,或许尚需十年乃至更长时间。
According to enrolment data compiled by the Association of American Universities, the number of applicants admitted to doctoral programmes at major research institutions for the autumn of 2026 has fallen by 15% compared with last year.
根据美国大学协会所汇编的招生数据,主要研究机构2026年秋季博士项目所录取的申请者较之去年缩减了15%。
Among the students affected is one who is supervised by Smith himself.
在受影响的学生当中,有一名正是史密斯所指导的学生。
The journalist's health and science reporting was supported by grants from the Journalists' News Fund and private foundations.
记者的健康与科学报道获得了记者新闻基金及私人基金会的资助。
The Associated Press bears sole responsibility for all content.
美联社对所有内容承担全部责任。
The Associated Press's standards for collaborating with philanthropic organizations, a list of supporters, and the coverage areas that receive funding are all available for consultation at AP.org.
有关美联社与慈善机构合作的标准、支持者名单以及受资助的报道领域,均可在AP.org上查阅。