In the most pivotal elections of the autumn, trading on prediction markets has surged dramatically during the electoral season, as states endeavor to outlaw these platforms by classifying them as unlicensed casinos, while simultaneously beginning to fret that high-stakes odds could influence American democracy in unforeseeable ways.
在秋季最重要的選舉中,預測市場的選舉季節交易急劇上升,各州正努力將這些平台視為未經許可的賭場而加以取締,同時也開始擔憂高風險的賠率可能以難以預料的方式影響美國民主。
Polymarket, Kalshi, and other prediction markets allow participants to buy and sell contracts linked to the potential outcomes of events.
Polymarket、Kalshi及其他預測市場容許參與者買賣與事件可能結果掛鉤的合約。
The prices of such contracts typically range from one to ninety-nine cents, enabling clients to trade on a wide array of events, spanning mayoral, gubernatorial, and U.S. Senate elections.
此類合約的價格通常介於1至99美分之間,客戶得以就各式事件進行交易,涵蓋市長、州長及美國參議院的選舉。
They contend that this practice is virtually indistinguishable from voters trading stocks, bonds, or commodities on the eve of a major election to hedge against the impact that the eventual winner's policies might have on their investments or businesses.
他們主張,此舉與選民於大選前夕交易股票、債券或大宗商品,以規避最終勝出者政策對其投資或事業所造成衝擊之舉,幾無二致。
A number of independent analysts share this view.
若干獨立分析師亦表認同。
Joshua Mitts, a professor at Columbia Law School who researches corporate and securities law, remarked, "It could be argued that the entire stock market is, to some extent, influenced by the election and its outcome."
哥倫比亞法學院研究公司與證券法的教授Joshua Mitts表示:「可以說,整個股票市場在某種程度上都受到選舉及其結果的影響。」
Executives at Kalshi and Polymarket stated that, in compliance with federal legal requirements, they have implemented safeguards designed to prevent insider trading, such as prohibiting candidates and their campaign team members from trading in their own races.
Kalshi和Polymarket的高層主管表示,他們已依據聯邦法律要求,實施了旨在防範內線交易的保護措施,例如禁止候選人及其競選團隊成員在自身競選中進行交易。
On August 31, Kalshi disclosed that it had imposed a three-year suspension and a fine on Laurie Buckhout, a Republican congressional candidate from North Carolina, for trading in her own race.
8月31日,Kalshi揭露,其對北卡羅來納州國會候選人、共和黨籍的Laurie Buckhout在自身競選中交易的行為,處以三年停權及罰款。
Nevertheless, prediction markets have also suffered a blow to their credibility this year.
儘管如此,預測市場今年亦蒙受了信譽上的打擊。
For instance, in the Wisconsin gubernatorial primary, they exhibited an undue tendency toward optimism regarding a candidate who ultimately lost.
舉例而言,在威斯康辛州州長初選中,它們對一位最終落敗的候選人表現出過度樂觀的傾向。
That particular poll likewise displayed significant inaccuracies.
該次民調同樣出現了嚴重的偏差。
In Los Angeles, while the mayoral primary ballots were still being tallied, online influencers accused election officials of fraud, alleging an attempt to exclude Republican candidate Spencer Pratt from the runoff, citing market odds favoring him for second place as evidence.
在洛杉磯,當市長初選的選票仍在統計之際,網路意見領袖指控選務人員舞弊,意圖將共和黨候選人Spencer Pratt排除於決選之外,並援引市場賠率看好其位居第二作為佐證。
According to data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, half of the states also have statutes that comprehensively prohibit election gambling, laws designed to ensure that voters cast their ballots based on their assessment of the candidates' merits, rather than being swayed by a financial stake in the outcome.
根據全國州立法會議的資料,半數州亦設有全面禁止選舉賭博的法規,此類法律旨在確保選民基於對候選人優劣的判斷而投票,而非因對結果有財務利害關係而受影響。
In Delaware County, on the outskirts of Philadelphia, election director Jim Allen urged the election board to incorporate prediction-market trading into the state-mandated oath, which requires every polling station and county election worker to swear they will not engage in election gambling.
在費城郊區的德拉瓦縣,選舉主任吉姆·艾倫要求選舉委員會將預測市場交易納入州政府規定的宣誓中,該宣誓要求每個投票站及縣級選舉工作人員宣誓不參與選舉賭博。
For instance, factions with deep pockets and little regard for losses can deliberately inflate the odds of their preferred candidate's victory, thereby swaying public opinion.
例如,那些財力雄厚、對虧損毫不在意的派系,可刻意拉抬其屬意候選人的勝選賠率,藉此左右公眾輿論。
Analysts point out that if some voters see unfavorable odds for their own candidate, they may be deterred, preferring to stay at home rather than go to the polling station to fulfill their civic duty.
分析人士指出,部分選民若見己方候選人賠率不利,恐心生卻步,寧可留在家中,也不願前往投票所履行公民義務。
"In the blink of an eye, they surged to the forefront, purely because external actors placed hefty bets on them," remarked Ben Schiffrin, director of securities policy at the nonprofit organization Better Markets, which is dedicated to championing the public interest in financial markets.
「剎那之間,他們便躍居鰲首,純因外部行為者對其押注重金,」非營利組織Better Markets的證券政策主任Ben Schiffrin如此表示,該組織戮力倡導金融市場之公共利益。
Eric Talley, a law professor at Columbia University and co-host of the "Beyond Unprecedented" podcast, cited research by the behavioural economist Colin Camerer.
哥倫比亞大學法學教授Eric Talley,作為「Beyond Unprecedented」播客的聯合主持人,援引了行為經濟學家Colin Camerer的研究成果。
The study reveals that, just before a horse race begins, a single substantial wager on one horse can prompt other bettors to follow suit and place their bets on the same animal.
該研究顯示,在賽馬開賽前,若有一人投入巨額賭注於某匹馬,便會誘使其他賭客跟風下注同一匹馬。
This manoeuvre temporarily distorts the odds structure, yet the effect dissipates entirely before the race officially gets under way.
此舉暫時性地扭曲了賠率結構,然而這種效應會在比賽正式開始前消散殆盡。
Talley points out, "Others think, 'My goodness, people know something I don't,' and so they all start betting on the same horse."
Talley指出:「其他人認為,『天哪,人們知曉我所不知之事』,於是他們都開始押注於同一匹馬。」
These words serve as "a thought-provoking analogy for the current state of affairs."
這番話是「對當下時局的一則耐人尋味的類比」。
Officials at prediction markets assert that such an advantage is merely a transient phenomenon.
預測市場官員表示,此種優勢僅為暫時現象。
Financially motivated traders will flock to unfavorable trades, confident in their ability to prevail, thereby driving the odds back to levels that an unbiased market would likely establish.
具財務動機的交易者會湧向不利交易,因深知自身能獲勝,進而使賠率回到無偏市場可能設定的水準。
Kalshi's general counsel, Rick Heaslip, stated, "Attempting to manipulate prices in a market with high liquidity and robust traders will not succeed.
Kalshi總法律顧問Rick Heaslip表示:「若試圖在流動性高且交易者強勁的市場中操控價格,此舉不會奏效。
Prices will rebound, and you will simply incur losses."
價格會反彈,你只會虧錢。」
Mitts points out, "It is not difficult to understand why states, out of concern for electoral integrity, would declare, 'We have absolutely no intention of engaging in such contractual transactions.'"
Mitts指出:「不難理解各州為何會基於選舉誠信的考量,表明『我們根本無意參與此類合約交易。』」