This year, betting on election season outcomes, including the most pivotal autumn races, has surged dramatically in prediction markets, while states are striving to outlaw these platforms as unlicensed casinos and are beginning to worry that high-stakes odds could unpredictably influence American democracy.
今年,包括秋季最重要的竞选在内,选举季的投注在预测市场上急剧增长,而各州正努力将这些平台视为无牌赌场加以禁止,并开始担心高风险的赔率会以不可预测的方式影响美国的民主。
Their concerns, while wide-ranging, converge on a central point: should the American public believe they can sway electoral outcomes, the pervasive economic incentives would further erode public confidence in elections and democratic institutions.
他们的担忧虽涉及面广,但核心在于:若美国民众认为自身能左右选举结果,无处不在的经济激励将进一步削弱公众对选举及民主制度的信心。
Polymarket, Kalshi, and other prediction markets allow participants to buy and sell contracts linked to the potential outcomes of specific events.
Polymarket、Kalshi及其他预测市场允许参与者买卖与特定事件潜在结果相关联的合约。
These contracts are typically priced between one and ninety-nine cents, enabling clients to engage with a diverse array of trading instruments, spanning mayoral, gubernatorial, and U.S. Senate races.
此类合约的定价通常介于1至99美分之间,客户可涉足各式各样的交易标的,涵盖市长、州长及美国参议院的竞选角逐。
They contend that this is virtually indistinguishable from investors trading stocks, bonds, or commodities ahead of an election to hedge against the impact that the eventual winner's policies might have on their investments or businesses.
他们认为,这与投资者在选举前交易股票、债券或大宗商品以规避最终获胜者政策对其投资或业务造成冲击的做法几乎毫无二致。
A number of independent analysts share this perspective.
部分独立分析师亦持相同见解。
One could argue that, in a sense, the entire stock market is influenced by the election and its outcome, as Joshua Mitts, a professor at Columbia Law School who researches corporate and securities law, puts it.
人们可以论证,从某种意义上说,整个股市都受到选举及其结果的影响,哥伦比亚法学院研究公司与证券法的教授约书亚·米茨如是说。
Senior executives at Kalshi and Polymarket assert that, in compliance with federal legal requirements, they have implemented safeguards designed to prevent insider trading, such as candidates and their campaign staff leveraging their own electoral activities for trading purposes.
Kalshi和Polymarket的高层管理人员声称,他们已依据联邦法律的要求,实施了旨在防范诸如候选人及其竞选团队成员利用自身竞选活动进行交易的内幕交易防护机制。
On August 31, Kalshi publicly disclosed that, in light of North Carolina congressional candidate and Republican Laurie Buckhout engaging in trading activities during her personal campaign, the company had imposed a three-year suspension on her and levied a fine.
8月31日,Kalshi对外披露,鉴于北卡罗来纳州国会候选人、共和党人劳里·巴克豪特在其个人竞选过程中从事交易行为,该公司已对其施以为期三年的停权处分并处以罚款。
Nonetheless, prediction markets have encountered conspicuous setbacks this year.
尽管如此,今年的预测市场仍遭遇了明显挫折。
Take the Wisconsin gubernatorial primary, for instance, where they had deemed a losing candidate highly likely to prevail, and the polling for that race diverged markedly from reality.
以威斯康星州州长初选为例,他们曾认为某位落选者胜算很高,而该竞选的民调结果也严重偏离实际。
Similarly, during the tallying of votes in the Los Angeles mayoral primary, online influencers accused election officials of malpractice, alleging that they deliberately excluded Republican contender Spencer Pratt from the runoff, citing market odds as evidence—odds that suggested a considerable likelihood of Pratt securing second place.
同样,在洛杉矶市长初选计票期间,网络影响者指责选举官员舞弊,声称他们故意将共和党候选人斯宾塞·普拉特排除在决选之外,并援引市场赔率作为证据,这些赔率显示普拉特获得第二名的可能性相当大。
In Delaware County, on the outskirts of Philadelphia, elections director Jim Allen urged the election board to bring prediction-market trading within the scope of the state-mandated oath, which requires poll workers and county election officials to swear that they will never wager on election outcomes.
在费城郊区的特拉华县,选举主管吉姆·艾伦敦促选举委员会将预测市场交易纳入州法定誓词范畴,该誓词要求各投票站及县级选举工作人员宣誓绝不就选举结果下注。
For instance, financially formidable partisans, indifferent to losses, may deliberately inflate the odds for their favored candidate, thereby swaying public opinion.
例如,财力雄厚的党徒对亏损不以为意,他们可刻意抬高自己青睐候选人的赔率,借此左右公众舆论。
Analysts point out that some voters, upon seeing unfavorable odds for their preferred candidate, might opt to hold back and abstain from voting.
分析人士指出,部分选民若见所支持者赔率不利,或会选择按兵不动,放弃投票。
Yet in the blink of an eye, they surged to the forefront, solely because external actors placed heavy bets on them, as Ben Schiffrin, who serves as the securities policy director at the Better Markets policy organization—dedicated to safeguarding the public interest in financial markets—put it.
然而转瞬之间,他们便跃居领跑之位,只因外部行为者对其押下重注,”本·希夫林如是说,他担任着“更好市场政策组织”的证券政策主任,该组织致力于维护金融市场的公共利益。
Eric Talley, a law professor at Columbia University, co-hosts the podcast "After the Unprecedented," during which he cited research by behavioral economist Colin Camerer.
哥伦比亚大学法学教授埃里克·塔利与人共同主持播客“空前之后”,其间援引了行为经济学家科林·卡默勒的研究。
The research indicates that when an individual places a substantial wager on a horse just before a race, it prompts others to follow suit and bet on the same animal.
该研究表明,当某人在赛马临近前押下巨额赌注时,会诱发他人跟风投注同一匹马。
This effect temporarily distorts the odds as the race is about to commence, but it subsequently fades away.
这种效应在比赛即将开始之际暂时扭曲了赔率,随后便逐渐消散。
Onlookers would inevitably muse, 'Good heavens, this fellow knows something I don't,' prompting everyone to place their bets on the same horse, Tally remarked, describing it as 'a thought-provoking metaphor for the current state of affairs.'
旁人定会暗忖:‘天哪,此人知晓我所不知之事’,于是众人皆将赌注押在同一匹马上,”塔利言道,并称此为“对当下时局的一则耐人寻味的譬喻”。
Officials in prediction markets point out that such advantages are fleeting.
预测市场官员指出,此类优势转瞬即逝。
Economically motivated traders will flock to a poor-quality trade, well aware of their prospects of winning—an action that will drive the odds back to the level an unbiased market would have set.
受经济动机驱使的交易者会蜂拥至一笔劣质交易,因为他们深知自己有望获胜——此举将促使赔率回归至无偏市场本应设定的水平。
Should you attempt to manipulate prices in a highly liquid market dominated by well-capitalized traders, your efforts are destined to be futile.
若你试图在由实力雄厚的交易者主导的高流动性市场中操纵价格,那注定徒劳无功。
"Market conditions will swiftly reverse, and you will ultimately lose your entire stake," asserts Rick Hislop, general counsel at Kalshi.
市场行情会迅速逆转,你最终只会血本无归,”Kalshi的总法律顾问里克·希斯利普如此断言。
One can appreciate why states, from the standpoint of electoral integrity, would assert, "We are fundamentally disinclined to permit such contractual transactions," as Mitz remarked.
你可以理解为何各州会从选举诚信的角度表示,“我们根本不愿让此类合约交易,”米茨如是说。